Электронная книга: Bernard Gert «Hobbes»

Bernard Gert

Bernard Gert (born October 16, 1934 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is a philosopher of ethics known primarily for his work on medical ethics, especially pertaining to psychology, and for his emphasis on the importance of avoiding evil as opposed to promoting good. Although his ethical values are similar to those of utilitarianism, Gert does not identify himself with that philosophical belief. Gert studied philosophy at Cornell University and is presently the Stone Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at Dartmouth College. Gert's children Heather and Joshua are also philosophy professors.

The Importance of Evil

Gert believes evil is that which all rational creatures seek to avoid, namely, death and suffering. He maintains that the worst evils are far more important in terms of their effects than the greatest goods, and that it is therefore appropriate for morality to emphasize the avoidance of evil.

Rationality and Impartiality

To understand Gert's philosophy, it is important to understand the role rationality plays. According to Gert, rationality does not require morality, however, it does require that we avoid harming ourselves without a reason. Therefore, a rational person would not cause his own pain unless it were for a reason, for example, to cure a disease. Even a masochist causes pain for a reason, presumably for pleasure. Thus, no rational being seeks to harm himself for its own sake. Certain things represent objects of irrational desire, for example, death, pain, and disability. We arrive at moral rules by extending these objects of irrational desire to others. Rationality, alone, does not require this. However, if we adopt the principle of impartiality, whereby we apply the rules without regard to who gains or loses, we extend these prohibitions to others. This results in rules such as do not kill, do not cause pain, do not disable, and so forth.

Ten Moral Rules

In his book "Common Morality: Deciding What to Do", Gert proposes ten moral rules which, if followed, create a moral system. The rules are as follows:

1. Do not kill

2. Do not cause pain

3. Do not disable

4. Do not deprive of freedom

5. Do not deprive of pleasure

6. Do not deceive

7. Keep your promises

8. Do not cheat

9. Obey the law

10. Do your duty.

Gert says that these rules are not absolute and can be violated by following a two step procedure. The first step is to ascertain all morally relevant information about the scenario at hand in order to make a justified evaluation. The second step is to consider the ramifications of other people knowing that they can violate the moral rule in similar circumstances. An example of this would be if you were to consider violating rule #9 (breaking the law) in order to run a red light. You evaluate the scenario and notice that there are no cars around and running the red light will not cause any harm, however, you do not want other people to know that they can run red lights too, because that would lead to more car accidents, which is indirectly causing pain and death. Another example of violating the moral rules would be killing in self defense. If you evaluate the situation, you find that if you do not kill the other person, they will violate one of the moral rules and kill you. Also, it would be acceptable in this scenario for other people to know that killing in self-defense is allowable.

ources

By Bernard Gert
* "The Moral Rules: A New Rational Foundation for Morality", Harper and Row, 1970.
* "Morality: A New Justification of the Moral Rules", Oxford University Press, 1988.
* "Morality: Its Nature and Justification", Oxford University Press, 1998.
* "Common Morality: Deciding What to Do", Oxford University Press, 2004.
* "Morality: Its Nature and Justification", Revised Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005.
* "Bioethics: A Systematic Approach", Oxford University Press, 2006

External links

* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gert/ Gert's homepage at Dartmouth]
*Gert, B. (1989). [http://aristotle.tamu.edu/~rasmith/Courses/251/gert-paper.html "Morality versus Slogans"] Paper Presented to the Center for the Study of Ethics in Society, 3(2) Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
* Gert, B. (2005). [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/morality-definition/ "The Definition of Morality"] , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)

Источник: Bernard Gert