Книга: Karl Pearson «The Ethic of Freethought and Other Addresses and Essays»
Серия: "-" 1901. This volume originates from lectures delivered to various audiences by the author. Contents: Freethought; History; Sociology. Книга представляет собой репринтное издание 1901 года (издательство "London: A. and C. Black" ). Несмотря на то, что была проведена серьезная работа по восстановлению первоначального качества издания, на некоторых страницах могут обнаружиться небольшие" огрехи" :помарки, кляксы и т. п. Издательство: "Книга по Требованию" (1901)
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Karl Pearson
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Karl Pearson FRS ( In 1911 he founded the world's first university statistics department at A Family Carl Pearson, later known as Karl Pearson (1857-1936) was born to William Pearson and Fanny Smith, who had three children, Arthur, Carl and Amy. William Pearson also sired an illegitimate son, Frederick Mockett. Pearson's mother, née Fanny Smith, came from a family of master mariners who sailed their own ships from Hull; his father read law at "Carl Pearson" inadvertently became "Karl Pearson" when he enrolled at the He was also an accomplished historian and In 1890 he married Maria Sharpe who was related to the Kenrick, Reid, Rogers and Sharpe families, late 18th century and 19th century non-conformists largely associated with north London; they included: Karl and Maria Pearson had two daughters, Sigrid Loetitia Pearson and Helga Sharpe Pearson, and one son, Egon Sharpe Pearson. Egon Pearson became an eminent statistician himself, establishing the Education and early work Karl Pearson was educated privately at He graduated from Cambridge University in 1879 as Third In his first book, "The New Werther", Pearson gives a clear indication of why he studied so many diverse subjects:- "I rush from science to philosophy, and from philosophy to our old friends the poets; and then, over-wearied by too much idealism, I fancy I become practical in returning to science. Have you ever attempted to conceive all there is in the world worth knowing - that not one subject in the universe is unworthy of study? The giants of literature, the mysteries of many-dimensional space, the attempts of Boltzmann and Crookes to penetrate Nature's very laboratory, the Kantian theory of the universe, and the latest discoveries in embryology, with their wonderful tales of the development of life - what an immensity beyond our grasp! ... Mankind seems on the verge of a new and glorious discovery. What Newton did to simplify the planetary motions must now be done to unite in one whole the various isolated theories of mathematical physics. " Pearson then returned to London to study law so that he might, like his father, be called to the Bar. Quoting Pearson's own account: "Coming to London, I read in chambers in Lincoln's Inn, drew up bills of sale, and was called to the Bar, but varied legal studies by lecturing on heat at Barnes, on Martin Luther at Hampstead, and on Lasalle and Marx on Sundays at revolutionary clubs around Soho." His next career move was to After Galton's death in 1911, Pearson embarked on producing his definitive biography—a three-volume tome of narrative, letters, genealogies, commentaries, and photographs—published in 1914, 1924, and 1930, with much of Pearson's own financing paying for their print runs. The biography, done "to satisfy myself and without regard to traditional standards, to the needs of publishers or to the tastes of the reading public", triumphed Galton's life, work, and personal heredity. He predicted that Galton, rather than When Galton died, he left the residue of his estate to the Einstein and Pearson's work When the 23 year-old Pearson's relativity was based on Politics and eugenics An aggressive eugenicist who applied his social Darwinism to entire nations, Pearson openly advocated "war" against "inferior races," and saw this as a logical implication of his scientific work on human measurement: "My view – and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation," he wrote, "– is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races." He reasoned that, if "History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race. If you want to know whether the lower races of man can evolve a higher type, I fear the only course is to leave them to fight it out among themselves, and even then the struggle for existence between individual and individual, between tribe and tribe, may not be supported by that physical selection due to a particular climate on which probably so much of the Aryan's success depended . . ."(Karl Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science [London, 1905] ) Ironically, Pearson was known in his lifetime as a prominent "freethinker" and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "the woman's question" (this was the era of the suffragist movement in the UK) and upon Awards from professional bodies Pearson achieved widespread recognition across a range of disciplines and his membership of, and awards from, various professional bodies reflects this: He was also elected an Honorary Fellow of King's College Cambridge, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, University College London and the Royal Society of Medicine, and a Member of the Actuaries' Club. Contributions to statistics Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of Pearson's thinking underpins many of the 'classical' statistical methods which are in common use today. Some of his main contributions are: # Resume of academic career * Third Wrangler in Mathematics Tripos, Publications smaller ee also * References Most of the biographical information above is taken from the [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Stats/department/pearson.html Karl Pearson page] at the Department of Statistical Sciences at University College London, which has been placed in the public domain. The main source for that page was "A list of the papers and correspondence of Karl Pearson (1857-1936)" held in the Manuscripts Room, University College London Library, compiled by M. Merrington, B. Blundell, S. Burrough, J. Golden and J. Hogarth and published by the Publications Office, University College London, 1983. Additional information from [http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=3&dsqSearch=(((text)='karl')AND((text)='pearson')) entry for Karl Pearson in the Sackler Digital Archive of the Royal Society] Further reading * Eisenhart, Churchill (1974): "Dictionary of Scientific Biography", pp. 447–73. New York, 1974. External links *MacTutor Biography|id=Pearson Persondata Источник: Karl Pearson
url=http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=22&dsqSearch=((text)=%27pearson%27)
accessdate=2008-07-25
title=Library and Archive catalogue
work=Sackler Digital Archive
publisher=Royal Society] ) established the disciplineof
url=http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/KP150.htm
accessdate=2008-07-25
title=Karl Pearson sesquicentenary conference
date=2007-03-03
publisher=Royal Statistical Society]
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* Sutton Sharpe (1797-1843), barrister
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*1896: elected FRS: Fellow of the
*1898: awarded the
*1911: awarded the honorary degree of LLD from the
*1911: awarded a DSc from University of London
*1920: offered (and refused) the OBE
*1932: awarded the Rudolf Virchow medal by the Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft
*1935: offered (and refused) a knighthood
#Classification of distributions - Pearson's work on classifying
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* Studied medieval and sixteenth-century German literature, Berlin and Heidelberg Universities, 1879-1880
* Read law, called to the Bar by Inner Temple, 1881
* Delivered lectures on mathematics, philosophy and German literature at societies and clubs devoted to adult education
* Deputised for the Professor of Mathematics, King's College London, 1881, and for the Professor of Mathematics at University College London, 1883
* Formed the Men and Women's Club, with some others, to discuss equality between the sexes
* Appointed to Goldsmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, University College London, 1884
* Appointed Professor of Geometry, Gresham College, 1891
* Collaborated with Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, in biometry and evolutionary theory, 1891-1906
* Elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1896
* Founded journal Biometrika with Weldon and Francis Galton founder of the School of Eugenics at University College London, 1901
* Appointed first Galton Professor of Eugenics, University College London, 1911
* Formed Department of Applied Statistics incorporating the Biometric Laboratory and Galton Laboratory, University College London
* Founded journal Annals of Eugenics, 1925
* Died
* "The New Werther" (1880)
* "The Trinity, A Nineteenth Century Passion Play" (1882)
* "The Trinity: a nineteenth century passion-play" (E. Johnson, Cambridge, 1882)
* "A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials from Galilei to the present time" (University Press, Cambridge, 1886-1893; editor)
* "The Ethic of Freethought" (1886)
* "Die Fronica" (1887)
* "The moral basis of socialism" (W. Reeves, London, 1887)
* "The positive creed of freethought: with some remarks on the relation of freethought to socialism" (W. Reeves, London, 1888)
* "Enthusiasm of the market place and of the study" (1885)
* "The common sense of the exact sciences "(Kegan Paul & Co, London, 1885; editor)
* "Matter and soul" (1886)
* "The ethic of Freethought: a selection of essays and lectures" (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1888)
* "
* "The grammar of science" (1892)
* "The new university for London: a guide to its history and a criticism of its defects" (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1892)
* "On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves" (1894)
* "Skew variation in homogeneous material" (1895)
* "Reaction! A criticism of Mr Balfour's attack on rationalism" (1895)
* "Regression, heredity and panmixia" (1896)
* "The chances of death and other studies in evolution" (E. Arnold, London, 1897)
* "On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to hove arisen from random sampling" (1900)
* "National life from the stand-point of science An address delivered at Newcastle "(A. & C. Black, London, 1901)
* "Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution" (1904)
* "A mathematical theory of random migration" (1906)
* "Studies in national deterioration" (1907)
* "A first study of the inheritance of vision and of the relative influence of heredity and environment on sight" (London, 1909)
* "On a practical theory of elliptical and pseudo-elliptical arches, with special reference to the ideal masonry arch" (with W. D. Reynolds and W. F. Stanton; 1909)
* "A second study of the statistics of pulmonary tuberculosis: marital infection" (London, 1908; editor)
* "The groundwork of eugenics" (1909)
* "The problem of practical eugenics"(1909)
* "The treasury of human inheritance" (Dulau & Co., London, 1909; editor)
* "Nature and nurture, the problem of the future: A presidential address" (1910)
* "A preliminary study of extreme alcoholism in adults" (with A. Barrington, London; 1910)
* "Supplement to the memoir" (by Ethel Elderton) entitled: "The influence of parental alcoholism on the physique and ability of the offspring: A reply to the Cambridge economists" (1910)
* "A second study of the influence of parental alcoholism on the physique and ability of the offspring" (1910)
* "A monograph on
* "The academic aspect of the science of eugenics: A lecture delivered to undergraduates" (1911)
* "Eugenics and public health: An address to public health officers" (1912)
* "Tuberculosis, heredity and environment" (1912)
* "Darwinism, medical progress and eugenics: The Cavendish lecture, an address to the medical profession" (1912)
* "Social problems, their treatment, past, present, and future A lecture" (1912)
* "On the correlation of fertility with social value: a cooperative study" (1913)
* "On the handicapping of the first-born" (1914)
* "Tables for statisticians and biometricians" (London, 1914; editor)
* "Mendelism and the problem of mental defect" (1914)
* "Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians" (1914)
* "A statistical study of oral temperatures in school children, with special reference to parental, environmental, and class differences "with M. H. Williams and
* "The life, letters and labours of
* "The life, letters and labours of
* "On the torsion resulting from flexure in prisms with cross-sections of uni-axial symmetry only" (with A. W. Young and Ethel Elderton; 1918)
* "A study of the long bones of the English skeleton" (London, 1919)
* "Tracts for computers"(London, 1919; editor)
* "On the construction of tables and on interpolation" (London, 1920)
* "The science of man: its needs and its prospects" (London, 1920)
* "Side lights on the evolution of man" (London, 1921)
* "On the sesamoids of the knee-joint" (Cambridge, 1922)
* "Tables of the incomplete G-function: computed by the staff of the Department of Applied Statistics, University College" (London, 1922; editor)
* "Study of the data provided by a baby-clinic in a large manufacturing town" (Cambridge, 1922)
* "Francis Galton, 1822-1922, a centenary appreciation" (London, 1922)
* "Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, an appreciation"(London, 1923)
* "On the relationship of health to the psychial and physical characters in school children" (Cambridge, 1923)
* "Home conditions and eyesight: some recent misinterpretations of the problem of nurture and nature'
* "On the skull and portraits of George Buchanan" (Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, London, 1926)
* "The right of the unborn child" (Cambridge University Press, London, 1927)
* "The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their bearing on the tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots" (1928)
* "Tables of the incomplete beta-function" (The Proprietors of "
* "Tables of Incomplete Beta Function" (1934)
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* List of Gresham Professors of Geometry
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* Filon, L. N. G. and Yule, G. U. (1936): "Obituary Notices of the Royal Society of London", Vol. ii, No. 5, pp. 73–110.
* Pearson, E. S. (1938): "Karl Pearson: An appreciation of some aspects of his life and work". Cambridge University Press.
*MathGenealogy|id=30176
* John Aldrich's [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/kpreader.htm Karl Pearson: a Reader's Guide] at the University of Southampton (contains many useful links to further sources of information).
* Encyclopaedia Britannica [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058886/Karl-Pearson Karl Pearson]
* Gavan Tredoux's Francis Galton site, [http://galton.org galton.org] , contains Pearson's biography of Francis Galton, and several other papers - in addition to nearly all of Galton's own published works.
* [http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010107.html Karl Pearson and the Origins of Modern Statistics] at The Rutherford Journal.
* http://www.crambe.net/williampearson.pdf and [http://www.crambe.net/p.html text on family grave] at Crambe: ERIMUS ("apparently this means [http://archives.nd.edu/erimus.htm "We shall be"] ), and is particularly associated with
NAME= Pearson, Karl
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