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The Duden (German pronunciation: [ˈduːdən]) is a German dictionary, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880.

Currently the Duden is in its 25th edition and published in 12 volumes, each covering different aspects like loan words, etymology, pronunciation, synonyms, etc. The first of these volumes, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung (English: German Orthography), has long been the prescriptive source for the spelling of German.

The Duden is updated regularly, with new editions appearing every four or five years.

History

Konrad Duden

In 1872, Konrad Duden, headmaster of a Gymnasium (secondary school) in Schleiz, Thuringia, published a German dictionary called the Schleizer Duden, the first Duden. In 1880 he published the Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache ("Complete Orthographical Dictionary of the German Language"); this seminal treatise was declared the official source for correct spelling in the administration of Prussia the same year. The first edition of this Duden contained 28,000 entries.

From 1901 to 1996

Title of Der Große Duden by VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig (1957)

In 1902 the Bundesrat confirmed the Duden as the official standard for German spelling; Austria-Hungary and Switzerland soon followed suit.

In the ensuing decades, the Duden continued to be the de facto standard for German orthography. After World War II this tradition continued separately in East and West Germany in Leipzig and Mannheim.

In West Germany, some publishing houses began to attack the Duden "monopoly" in the 1950s, publishing dictionaries that contained alternative spellings. In reaction, in November 1955 the ministers of culture of the states of Germany confirmed that the spellings given by the Duden would continue to be the official standard.

East German Duden (Leipzig)

In 1954, the first published Duden appeared in Mannheim, the western counterpart to the traditional Duden printing city of Leipzig. The first East German Duden appeared in Leipzig in 1951 but was largely ignored as illegitimate by West Germany. The printing continued in both Mannheim and Leipzig until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The differences between the two versions of Duden printed during this period appear in the number of Stichwörter. When the printing of the two Dudens began, in 1954 and 1951, the number of Stichwörter included was roughly the same. As the split between the printers continued, the East German Duden slowly began diminishing the number of Stichwörter in its volume while the West German Duden printed in Mannheim increased the number of Stichwörter. The major differences between the two Dudens are seen in the lexical entries. The East German Duden included various loan words from Russian, particularly in the area of politics, Politbüro and Sozialdemokratismus. Also new to the East German Duden were words stemming from Soviet agricultural and industrial organization and practices.

Of note is the few semantic changes that are recorded in the East German Duden that originated from contact with Russian. The East German Duden records the nominalization of German words by adding the suffix -ist, borrowed from the Russian suffix. Also recorded is the increasing number of adverbs and adjectives negated with the prefix -un, unernst and unkonkret. The few lexical and semantic items recorded in the East German Duden come from der große Duden because the printing press in Leipzig did not publish the multiple volume Duden that has become the current staple.

Reform Duden

References

• Betz, Werner. Verändert Sprache die Welt: Semantik, Politik und Manipulation. Edition Interfrom AG: Zürich, 1977.
• Hellmann, Manfred W.,ed. Zum Öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch in Bundesrepublik Deutschland un in der DDR. Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann, 1973.
• Reich, Hans H. Sprache und Politik: Untersuchungen zu Wortschatz und Wortwahl des offiziellen Sprachgebrauchs in der DDR. München: Max Hueber Verlag, 1968.
• Schlosser, Horst Dieter, ed. Kommunkationsbedingungen und Alltagssprache in der ehemaligen DDR. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1991.
• Siegl, Elke Annalene. Duden-Ost Duden-West: Zur Sprache in Deutschland seit 1945: ein Vergleich der Leipziger und der Mannheimer Dudenauflagen seit 1947. Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1989.

Volumes

1. Die deutsche Rechtschreibung – The German Spelling
2. Das Stilwörterbuch – The Style Dictionary
3. Das Bildwörterbuch – The Picture Dictionary
4. Die Grammatik – The Grammar
5. Das Fremdwörterbuch – The Dictionary of Foreign Words
6. Das Aussprachewörterbuch – The Pronunciation Dictionary
7. Das Herkunftswörterbuch – Etymology
8. Das Synonymwörterbuch – The Thesaurus
9. Richtiges und gutes Deutsch – Correct and Good German
10. Das Bedeutungswörterbuch – The Meaning Dictionary
11. Redewendungen – Idioms
12. Zitate und Aussprüche – Quotations and Sayings

External links

• Official Duden site (German)