Электронная книга: John Toland «The theological and philological works of the late Mr. John Toland»
Полный вариант заголовка: «The theological and philological works of the late Mr. John Toland : being a system of Jewish, Gentile and Mahomatan Christianity». Издательство: "Библиотечный фонд" (1732)
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John Toland
John Toland (
Biography
Very little is known about his true origins other than the fact that he was born in Ardagh (
Political thought
John Toland was the first person called a
After "Christianity Not Mysterious", Toland's views grew – bit by bit – more radical. His opposition to hierarchy in the church also led to opposition to hierarchy in the state; bishops and kings, in other words, were as bad as each other, and monarchy had no God-given sanction as a form of government. In his 1704 "Letters to Serena" - in which he coins the expression '
In politics his most radical proposition was that
Toland's world was not all detached intellectual speculation, though. There was also an incendiary element to his political pamphleteering, and he was not beyond whipping up some of the baser anti-Catholic sentiments of the day in his attacks on the Jacobites. He also produced some highly controversial polemics, including the "Treatise of Three Imposters", in which
His republican sympathies were also evidenced by his editing of the writings of some of the great radicals of the 1650s, including
Contributions to natural philosophy
Toland influenced
Religious thought
Toland is generally classed with the deists, but at the time when he wrote "Christianity not Mysterious" he was careful to distinguish himself from both skeptical atheists and orthodox theologians. After having formulated a stricter version of Locke's
After his "Christianity not Mysterious", Toland's "Letters to Serena" constitute his major contribution to philosophy. In the first three letters, he develops a historical account of the rise of superstition arguing that human reason cannot ever fully liberate itself from prejudices. In the last two letters, he founds a metaphysical
His "Pantheisticon, sive formula celebrandae sodalitatis socraticae" (Pantheisticon, or the Form of Celebrating the Socratic Society), of which he printed a few copies for private circulation only, gave great offence as a sort of liturgic service made up of passages from heathen authors, in imitation of the
Impact and legacy
Toland was a man not of his time; one who advocated principles of virtue in duty, principles that had little place in the England of
Still, in "Christianity not Mysterious", the book for which he is best known, Toland laid down a challenge not just to the authority of the established church, but to all inherited and unquestioned authority. It was thus as radical politically and philosophically, as it was theologically. This, and his political views, have given him an afterlife that could never have been dreamed of by Burke. It has even been argued that he was the "first
Further reading
See Mosheim's "Vindiciae antiquae christianorum disciplinae" (1722), containing the most exhaustive account of Toland's life and writings; "A Life of Toland" (1722), by one of his most intimate friends; "Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr John Toland", by
References
* J. I. Israel, "Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750"
* M. C. Jacob, "The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans"
* This article incorporates text from the
Works
This is a non-exhaustive list.
* "Christianity Not Mysterious: A Treatise Shewing, That there is nothing in the Gospel Contrary to Reason, Nor Above It: And that no Christian Doctrine can be properly called A Mystery" (1696)
* "An Apology for Mr. Toland" (1697)
* "Amyntor, or the defence of Milton's life" (1698)
* "Amyntor, or a Defence of Miltons Life" (1699)
* Edited James Harrington's "Oceana and other Works" (1700)
* "The Art of Governing Partys" (1701)
* "Limitations for the next Foreign Successor, or A New Saxon Race: Debated in a Conference betwixt Two Gentlemen; Sent in a Letter to a Member of Parliament" (1701)
* "Propositions for Uniting the Two East India Companies" (1701)
* "Hypatia or the History of a most beautiful, most virtuous, most learned and in every way accomplished lady, who was torn to pieces by the clergy of Alexandria to gratify the pride, emulation and cruelty of the archbishop commonly but undeservedly titled St Cyril" (1720)
* "Anglia Libera, or the Limitation and Succession of the Crown of England" (1701)
* "Reasons for Address His Majesty to Invite into England their Highnesses, the Electress Dowager and the Electoral Prince of Hanover" (1702)
* "Vindicius Liberius" (1702)
* "Letters to Serena" (1704)
* "The Primitive Constitution of the Christian Church" (c.1705; posthume, 1726)
* "The Account of the Courts of Prussia and Hanover" (1705)
* "Socinianism Truly Stated" (by "A Pantheist") (1705)
* Translated A. Phillipick Schiner's "Oration to Incite the English Against the French" (1707)
* "Adeisidaemon - or the "Man Without Superstition" (1709)
* "Origines Judaicae" (1709)
* "The Art of Restoring" (1710)
* "The Jacobitism, Perjury, and Popery of High-Church Priests" (1710)
* "An Appeal to Honest People against Wicked Priests" (1713)
* "Dunkirk or Dover" (1713)
* "The Art of Restoring" (1714) (against Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Robert Harley)
* "Reasons for Naturalising the Jews in Great Britain and Ireland on the same foot with all Other Nations" (1714)
* "State Anatomy of Great Britain" (1717)
* "The Second Part of the State Anatomy" (1717)
* "Nazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile and Mahometan Christianity" (1718)
* "The Probability of the Speedy and Final Destruction of the Pope" (1718)
* "Tetradymus" (1720) translated into English in 1751
* "Pantheisticon" (1720) translated into English in 1751
* "History of the Celtic Religion and Learning Containing an Account of the Druids" (1726)
* "A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr John Toland", ed. P. Des Maizeaux, 2 vols. (1726)
* His manuscripts can be found at the British Library, London W2, MSS. ADD. 4292
External links
* [http://books.google.com/books?q=John+Toland&btnG=Search+Books Works by John Toland] at Google Books
Источник: John Toland
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John Toland | The theological and philological works of the late Mr. John Toland | Полный вариант заголовка: «The theological and philological works of the late Mr. John Toland : being a system of Jewish, Gentile and Mahomatan Christianity» — Библиотечный фонд, электронная книга Подробнее... | 1732 | электронная книга |
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