Книга: Steven Pinker «Better Angels of Our Nature»

Steven Pinker in Göttingen in 2010

Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a Canadian-American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and popular science author. He is a Harvard College Professor and the Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University^[1] and is known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind.

Pinker’s academic specializations are visual cognition and psycholinguistics. His academic pursuits include experiments on mental imagery, shape recognition, visual attention, children's language development, regular and irregular phenomena in language, the neural bases of words and grammar, and the psychology of innuendo and euphemism. He published two technical books which proposed a general theory of language acquisition and applied it to children's learning of verbs. In his less academic books, he argued that language is an "instinct" or biological adaptation shaped by natural selection. On this point, he opposes Noam Chomsky and others who regard the human capacity for language to be the by-product of other adaptations. He is the author of six books for a general audience, which include The Language Instinct (1994), How the Mind Works (1997), Words and Rules (2000), The Blank Slate (2002), The Stuff of Thought (2007), and The Better Angels of Our Nature (2011).

Biography

Career

Pinker was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1954, and graduated from Dawson College in 1971. He received a BA degree in psychology at McGill University in 1976, and then went on to earn his PhD degree in experimental psychology at Harvard University in 1979. He did research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for a year, after which he became an assistant professor at Harvard and then Stanford University. From 1982 until 2003, Pinker taught at the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT, and eventually became the director of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, taking a one-year sabbatical at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1995-6. As of 2008, he is the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard.^[2] In June 2011 it was announced he would join the professoriate of New College of the Humanities, a private college in London.^[3]

Pinker was named one of Time Magazine's 100 most influential scientists and thinkers in the world in 2004^[4] and one of Prospect and Foreign Policy's 100 top public intellectuals in both years the poll was carried out, 2005^[5] and 2008;^[6] in 2010 he was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers.^[7] His research in cognitive psychology has won the Early Career Award (1984) and Boyd McCandless Award (1986) from the American Psychological Association, the Troland Research Award (1993) from the National Academy of Sciences, the Henry Dale Prize (2004) from the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and the George Miller Prize (2010) from the Cognitive Neuroscience Society. He has also received honorary doctorates from the universities of Newcastle, Surrey, Tel Aviv, McGill, and the University of Tromsø, Norway. He was twice a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, in 1998 and in 2003.

In January 2005, Pinker defended Lawrence Summers, President of Harvard University, whose comments about a gender gap in mathematics and science angered much of the faculty. Pinker noted that Summers's remarks, properly understood, could form the basis of a testable hypothesis. The remarks, Pinker said, claimed not that men are consistently smarter, but that there are "more idiots, [and] more geniuses" of the male gender.^[8]

On May 13, 2006, Pinker received the American Humanist Association's Humanist of the Year award for his contributions to public understanding of human evolution.^[9]

In 2009, Pinker wrote a highly critical review of Malcolm Gladwell's analytic methods in the New York Times.^[10] Gladwell published a rebuttal in the Times regarding Pinker's comments about the importance of IQ on teaching performance and by analogy, the effect, if any, of draft order on quarterback performance in the National Football League. Pinker then responded to Gladwell's rebuttal.^[11] The exchange prompted Advanced NFL Stats to step in and address the issue statistically, siding with Pinker in that draft order is indeed correlated with quarterback performance.^[12]

Pinker also serves on the Advisory Board of Secular Coalition for America and offers advice to Executive Director Sean Faircloth and the entire coalition on the acceptance and inclusion of nontheism in American life. ^[13]

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry lists Pinker as one of their fellows. ^[14]

In February 2010 he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.^[15] Pinker appeared on the Colbert Report on 10/18/11.

Personal

His father, a lawyer, first worked as a manufacturer's representative, while his mother was first a home-maker then a guidance counselor and high-school vice-principal. He has two younger siblings. His brother is a policy analyst for the Canadian government. His sister, Susan Pinker, is a psychologist and writer, author of The Sexual Paradox.^[16][17] Pinker married Nancy Etcoff in 1980 and they divorced in 1992; he married Ilavenil Subbiah in 1995 and they too divorced.^[18] His current wife is the novelist and philosopher Rebecca Goldstein.^[19] He has two stepdaughters: the novelist Yael Goldstein Love and the poet Danielle Blau.

He has said, "I was never religious in the theological sense... I never outgrew my conversion to atheism at 13, but at various times was a serious cultural Jew."^[20] As a teenager, he says he considered himself an anarchist until he witnessed civil unrest following a police strike in 1969.^[21] He has reported the result of a test of his political orientation that characterized him as "neither leftist nor rightist, more libertarian than authoritarian".^[22] Pinker confesses to having "experienced a primitive tribal stirring" after his genes were shown to trace back to the Middle East.^[23]

Theories of language and mind

Pinker is known within psychology for his theory of language acquisition, his research on the syntax, morphology, and meaning of verbs, and his criticism of connectionist (neural network) models of language. In The Language Instinct (1994) he popularized Noam Chomsky's work on language as an innate faculty of mind, with the twist that this faculty evolved by natural selection as a Darwinian adaptation for communication, although both ideas remain controversial (see below). He also defends the idea of a complex human nature which comprises many mental faculties that are adaptive (and is an ally of Daniel Dennett and Richard Dawkins in many evolutionary disputes). Another major theme in Pinker's theories is that human cognition works, in part, by combinatorial symbol-manipulation, not just associations among sensory features, as in many connectionist models.

Written work

Pinker's books, The Language Instinct, How the Mind Works, Words and Rules, The Blank Slate, and The Stuff of Thought combine cognitive science with behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology. The Language Instinct has been criticized by Geoffrey Sampson in his book, The 'Language Instinct' Debate.^[24] The assumptions underlying the nativist view have also been subject to sustained criticism in Jeffrey Elman's Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development (Neural Networks and Connectionist Modeling), which defends the connectionist approach that Pinker has criticized.

Bibliography

Steven Pinker in 2005

Books

• Language Learnability and Language Development (1984) ISBN 978-0674510555
• Visual Cognition (1985) ISBN 978-0262661782
• Connections and Symbols (1988) ISBN 978-0262660648
• Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure (1989) ISBN 978-0262660730
• Lexical and Conceptual Semantics (1992) ISBN 978-1557863546
• The Language Instinct (1994) ISBN 978-0060976514
• How the Mind Works (1997) ISBN 978-0393318487
• Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language (1999) ISBN 978-0465072699
• The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (2002) ISBN 978-0670031511
• The Best American Science and Nature Writing (editor and introduction author, 2004) ISBN 978-0618246984
• Hotheads (an extract from How the Mind Works, 2005) ISBN 978-0141022383
• The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature (2007) ISBN 978-0670063277
• The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes (2011) ISBN 978-0670022953

Articles and essays

• Pinker, S. (1991). "Rules of Language". Science 253 (5019): 530–535. doi:10.1126/science.1857983. 
• Ullman, M.; Corkin, S.; Coppola, M.; Hickok, G.; Growdon, J. H.; Koroshetz, W. J.; Pinker, S. (1997). "A neural dissociation within language: Evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9: 289–299. 
• Pinker, S. (2003) "Language as an adaptation to the cognitive niche" In M. Christiansen & S. Kirby (Eds.), Language evolution: States of the Art New York: Oxford University Press.
• Pinker, S. (2005). "So How Does the Mind Work?". Mind and Language 20 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00274.x. 
• Jackendoff, R.; Pinker, S. (2005). "The nature of the language faculty and its implications for evolution of language" (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, & Chomsky)". Cognition 97 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.04.006. 
• S. Pinker (2007), "In Defense of Dangerous Ideas" Chicago Sun-Times, July 15, 2007
• A number of Pinker's articles at Harvard

References

External links

• C-SPAN BookTV In Depth video interview with Steven Pinker, 3 hrs.
• Language Instinct ?: Gradualistic Natural Selection is not a good enough explanation
• Steven Pinker: The stuff of thought TED, July, 2005
• Steven Pinker: A brief history of violence TED, March, 2007
• Steven Pinker discusses the "Games People Play: Indirect Speech as a Window into Social Relationships"
• Steven Pinker discusses the evolutionary psychology of morality in "The Moral Instinct" The New York Times, January 13, 2008
• Steven Pinker on The Hour
• Steven Pinker 2003 TEDTalk: Chalking it up to the blank slate

Debates

• The Two Steves Debate with Steven Rose
• The Science of Gender and Science Debate with Elizabeth Spelke
• Radio interview on Philosophy Talk

Vitae

• Steven Pinker's Website
• Time magazine page on Pinker
• Gen Kuroki's Website about Steven Pinker
• Steven Pinker Multimedia. Extensive lists of audio and video files
• "Steven Pinker: the mind reader," The Guardian Profile, November 6, 1999
• Live interview with Steven Pinker on The Blank Slate
• Online video interview with Pinker
• "Basic Instincts" - The Guardian profile by Oliver Burkeman, September 22, 2007.
• Advisory board biography for the Secular Coalition for America

Reviews

• Article on The Language Instinct by Theodore Dalrymple
• What comes naturally, a review of The Blank Slate, Louis Menand in The New Yorker
• "Meet the Flintstones" by Simon Blackburn, a critique of The Blank Slate.
• Biology vs. the Blank Slate Reason magazine interview with Pinker
• Evolutionary Psychology of Religion
• "The Blind Programmer", a review of How the Mind Works by Edward Oakes.
• Steven Pinker to speak at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. on September 17, 2007