Электронная книга: William Whewell «The Plurality of Worlds»
Издательство: "Public Domain"
электронная книга Скачать бесплатно на Litres |
Другие книги автора:
Книга | Описание | Год | Цена | Тип книги |
---|---|---|---|---|
On the Philosophy of Discovery, Chapters Historical and Critical | — Public Domain, электронная книга Подробнее... | электронная книга |
William Whewell
Infobox Scientist
name = William Whewell
box_width = 300px
image_width =
caption = William Whewell (1794-1866)
birth_date = birth date|1794|05|24
birth_place = Lancaster,
death_date = death date and age|1866|03|06|1794|05|24
death_place =
residence =
citizenship =
nationality = English
ethnicity =
field =
work_institutions =
alma_mater =
doctoral_advisor =
doctoral_students =
known_for = Coining the words 'scientist' and '
author_abbrev_bot =
author_abbrev_zoo =
influences = John Gough
influenced =
prizes =
religion =
footnotes =
William Whewell (
Life and career
Whewell was born in Lancaster,
Whewell died in Cambridge 1866 as a result of a fall from his horse. [GRO Register of Deaths: MAR 1866 3b 353 CAMBRIDGE - William Whewell, aged 71]
Full bibliographical details are given by Isaac Todhunter, "W. Whewell: an Account of his Writings" (2 vols., 1876). See also "Life of W. Whewell", by Mrs Stair Douglas (1881).
cientific generalist
Multiple disciplines
What is most often remarked about Whewell is the breadth of his endeavours. At a time when men of science were becoming increasingly specialised, Whewell appears as a vestige of an earlier era when men of science dabbled in a bit of everything. He researched ocean tides (for which he won the Royal Medal), published work in the disciplines of
Tracing the history and development of science
For all these pursuits, it comes as no surprise that his best-known works are two voluminous books which attempt to map and systematize the development of the sciences, "History of the Inductive Sciences" (1837) and "The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History" (1840). While the History traced how each branch of the sciences had evolved since antiquity, Whewell viewed the
Whewell's three steps of induction
Whewell analysed
* The selection of the (fundamental) idea, such as space, number, cause, or likeness (resemblance);
* The formation of the conception, or more special modification of those ideas, as a circle, a uniform force, etc.; and,
* The determination of magnitudes.
Upon these follow special methods of induction applicable to quantity: the method of curves, the method of means, the method of least squares and the method of residues, and special methods depending on resemblance (to which the transition is made through the law of continuity), such as the method of gradation and the method of natural classification. In "Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences" Whewell was the first to use the term "
Opponent of English empiricism
Here, as in his ethical doctrine, Whewell was moved by opposition to contemporary English empiricism. Following
Whewell's neologisms
One of Whewell's greatest gifts to science was his wordsmithing. He often corresponded with many in his field and helped them come up with new terms for their discoveries. In fact, Whewell came up with the term "
Work in college administration
Whewell was prominent not only in scientific research and philosophy, but also in
Whewell's interests in architecture
Aside from Science, Whewell was also interested in the
Whewell's works in philosophy and morals
Between 1835 and 1861 Whewell produced various works on the philosophy of
Among Whewell's other works—too numerous to mention—were popular writings such as the third "
Whewell was one of the Cambridge dons whom
Surname = Darwin
Given = Charles
Authorlink = Charles Darwin
Year = 1859
Title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
Publisher = London: John Murray
URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=7 (
"But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this-we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws."
Checklist of works by Whewell
(1831) Review of J. Herschel's "Preliminary discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy" (1830), "Quarterly Review" 90: 374-407.
(1833) "Astronomy and general physics considered with reference to Natural Theology" (Bridgewater Treatise). Cambridge.
(1840) "The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, founded upon their history". 2 vols, London. 2nd ed 1847.
(1845) "The Elements of Morality, including polity". 2 vols, London.
(1846) "Lectures on systematic Morality". London.
(1849) "Of Induction, with especial reference to Mr. J. Stuart Mill's System of Logic". London.
(1850) Mathematical exposition of some doctrines of political economy: second memoir. "Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" 9:128-49.
(1852) "Lectures on the history of Moral Philosophy". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(1853) "Of the Plurality of Worlds." London.
(1857) Spedding's complete edition of the works of Bacon. "Edinburgh Review" 106:287-322.
(1857) "History of the Inductive Sciences, from the earliest to the present time". 2 vols, New York.
(1858a) "The history of scientific ideas". 2 vols, London.
(1858b) "Novum Organon renovatum", London.
(1860a) "On the philosophy of discovery: chapters historical and critical". London.
(1861) "Plato's Republic" (translation). Cambridge.
(1862) "Six Lectures on Political Economy", Cambridge.
(1866) Comte and Positivism. "Macmillan's Magazine" 13:353-62.
Honors and recognitions
* Whewell crater on the
* The Gothic buildings known as Whewell's Court in
* The mineral
ee also
*
*
* Earl of Bridgewater for other "Bridgewater Treatise"
*
*
References
Further reading
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832919
last=Heilbron
first=J L
publication-date=2002 Feb 7
year=2002
title=Coming to terms.
volume=415
issue=6872
periodical=Nature
pages=585
doi = 10.1038/415585a
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11615935
last=Losee
first=J
publication-date=1983 Jun
year=1983
title=Whewell and Mill on the relation between philosophy of science and history of science.
volume=14
issue=2
periodical=Studies in history and philosophy of science
pages=113-26
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11622706
last=Metcalfe
first=J F
publication-date=1991 Mar
year=1991
title=Whewell's developmental psychologism: a Victorian account of scientific progress.
volume=22
issue=1
periodical=Studies in history and philosophy of science
pages=117-39
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11615591
last=Ruse
first=M
publication-date=1975 Jun
year=1975
title=Darwin's debt to philosophy: an examination of the influence of the philosophical ideas of John F. W. Herschel and William Whewell on the development of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
volume=6
issue=2
periodical=Studies in history and philosophy of science
pages=159-81
External links
* [http://www.archive.org/details/philosinductsci01wewrich The philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history (1847)- Complete Text]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2004/entries/whewell/ William Whewell] by Laura J. Snyder, from [http://plato.stanford.edu/index.html Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/het/whewell/contents.htm Six Lectures] from [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/index.html Archive for the History of Economic Thought] - papers on mathematical economics as well as a set of introductory lectures
* [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/whewell.htm William Whewell] from [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/index.htm History of Economic Thought]
* [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0016%2FWHEWELL Papers of William Whewell]
* [http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172 The Master of Trinity] at
*1911
Persondata
NAME=Whewell, William
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Whewell, W.
SHORT DESCRIPTION=English philosopher & historian of science
DATE OF BIRTH=
PLACE OF BIRTH=Lancaster,
DATE OF DEATH=
PLACE OF DEATH=
Источник: William Whewell
См. также в других словарях:
On the Plurality of Worlds — For a general article on the Plurality of Worlds concept, see Cosmic pluralism. On the Plurality of Worlds (1986)[1] is a book by the philosopher David Lewis that defends the thesis of modal realism, The thesis states that the world we are part… … Wikipedia
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds — Front page of 1701 edition Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (French: Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes) is a popular science book by French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, published in 1686. It offered an explanation of the… … Wikipedia
Plurality — Plu*ral i*ty, n.; pl. {pluralities}. [L. pluralitas: cf. F. pluralit[ e].] 1. The state of being plural, or consisting of more than one; a number consisting of two or more of the same kind; as, a plurality of worlds; the plurality of a verb.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Plurality of benefices — Plurality Plu*ral i*ty, n.; pl. {pluralities}. [L. pluralitas: cf. F. pluralit[ e].] 1. The state of being plural, or consisting of more than one; a number consisting of two or more of the same kind; as, a plurality of worlds; the plurality of a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
The Spirits Book — ( Le Livre des Esprits in original French) is one of The Five Fundamental Works of Spiritism, and was published by the French educator Allan Kardec in 1857 April 18. It was the first and remains the most important spiritist book, because it… … Wikipedia
The Blessed Trinity — The Blessed Trinity † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Blessed Trinity This article is divided as follows: I. Dogma of the Trinity; II. Proof of the Doctrine from Scripture; III. Proof of the Doctrine from Tradition;… … Catholic encyclopedia