Книга: John Hawkins «Removing Heavy Metals From Contaminated Soils»
Производитель: "LAP Lambert Academic Publishing" Soap can remove water hardness ions (calcium and magnesium) from hard water in the form of insoluble lime soaps . Might it also form heavy metal soaps when added to an aqueous dispersion of contaminated soil? Some researchers have studied the use of soap to remediate wastewaters contaminated with heavy metals, but there has been no work carried out on using it to wash them out of soil. This work shows that by carefully controlling the pH and temperature of the soapy wash water it is possible to form the heavy metal soaps. These soaps are insoluble in water and float to the surface where they can be skimmed off. This therefore provides a new, very simple, cost effective method of remediating soils contaminated with heavy metals. Whilst the results to date hold much promise there is still a significant amount of work that needs to be carried out to optimise the process; this work will hopefully stimulate further research in this important field. ISBN:9783847325024 Издательство: "LAP Lambert Academic Publishing" (2011)
ISBN: 9783847325024 |
John Hawkins
Admiral Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) (Plymouth 1532 –
William, John's father, was a confidant of Henry VIII of
The first Englishman recorded to have taken slaves from Africa was
Genealogy
John was the son of William Hawkins and Joan Trelawney. Joan's parents were William and Joan Trelawney. William Trelawney was the son of John Trelawney and Florence Courtenay, daughter of Hugh Courtenay. Hugh Courtenay was the son of Hugh Courtenay, Sr. and Matilda "Maud' Beaumont. Maud's mother was Eleanor Plantagenet, making John Hawkins the 4th great-grandson of Eleanor of Lancaster.
Hugh Courtenay, Sr. was the son of Edward Courtenay, Sr. Edward's father was Hugh de Courtenay. Hugh's father was Hugh de Courtenay, Sr. His mother, Eleanor le Despencer was the daughter of Hugh le Despencer. Hugh's mother was Emma D'Harcourt, the daughter of Richard D'Harcourt. Richard's father was Robert D'Harcourt, son of Ivo D'Harcourt. Ivo's mother was Agnes Ambroise.
John Hawkins was an ancestor of Colonel Benjamin Hawkins.
First voyage
John Hawkins formed a syndicate of wealthy merchants to invest in the slave trade. In 1562, he set sail with three ships for the Caribbean via Sierra Leone. They hijacked a Portuguese slave ship and traded the 301 slaves in the Caribbean. Despite having two ships seized by the Spanish authorities, he sold the slaves in
econd voyage
In 1564, Queen Elizabeth I partnered with him by renting him the huge old 700-tonne ship "Jesus of Lubeck", and he set forth on his second longer and more extensive voyage along with three small ships. Hawkins sailed to
Third voyage
His third voyage was in 1567. Hawkins obtained many more slaves, and also augmented his cargo by capturing the Portuguese
Although his first three voyages were semi-piratical enterprises, Queen Elizabeth I was in need of money and saw pirates as fighting her battles at their own cost and risk.
Hawkins would write about the details of his third voyage in "An Alliance to Raid for Slaves". Specifically he comments on how trading and raiding were closely related in the English slave trade and how European success in the slave trade directly depended on African allies who were willing to cooperate. He also comments on the level of violence he and his men used and encouraged in order to secure his captives. The title makes clear the basis of his methodology.
1570-1587
Hawkins pretended to be part of the
His help in foiling the plot was rewarded, and in 1571 Hawkins entered Parliament to become a
His Navy financial reforms upset many who had vested interests – principally
John Hawkins was determined that his navy, as well as having the best fleet of ships in the world, would also have the best quality of seamen, and so petitioned and won a pay increase for sailors, arguing that a smaller number of well-motivated and better-paid men would achieve substantially more than a larger group of disinterested men.
Hawkins made important improvements in ship construction and
The Spanish Armada
Hawkins innovative measures made the new English ships fast and highly manoeuvrable. In 1588 they were tested against the
After the defeat of the Armada, Hawkins urged the seizure of Philip II's colonial treasure, in order to stop Spain re-arming. In 1589, Hawkins sailed with former apprentice
In 1590 Drake and Hawkins founded a charity for the relief of sick and elderly mariners. This was followed by a hospital in 1592 and another in 1594, the Sir John Hawkins’ Hospital. The charity continues today.
Potatoes, tobacco and sharks
Some scholars suggest it was John Hawkins who introduced
The
Death
In 1595 he accompanied his second cousin Sir
He was succeeded by his son Sir
Hawkins came to the public's attention again in June 2006, almost four and a half centuries after his death, when his descendant Andrew Hawkins publicly apologized for his ancestor's actions in the slave trade. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2236871,00.html "The Times": "Slaver's descendant begs forgiveness:Briton apologises to African nation for the exploits of his Elizabethan ancestor".]
References
Further reading
* Hazlewood, Nick. "The Queen's Slave Trader: John Hawkyns, Elizabeth I, and the Trafficking in Human Souls". HarperCollins Books, New York, 2004. ISBN 0-06-621089-5.
* Walling, R.A.J. "A Sea-Dog of
* Williamson, James. "Hawkins of Plymouth: a new History of Sir John Hawkins". 1969.
* Davis, Bertram. "Proof of Eminence : The Life of Sir John Hawkins". Indiana University Press. 1973
External links
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/early_times/adventurers.htm#top An exhibit in the National Archives of the United Kingdom]
Источник: John Hawkins
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