Книга: Catharine Mackinnon «In Harm?s Way The Pornography Civil Rights Hearing?s (Paper)»
Производитель: "Неизвестный" In Harm?s Way The Pornography Civil Rights Hearing?s (Paper) ISBN:9780674445796 Издательство: "Неизвестный" (1998)
ISBN: 9780674445796 |
Catharine MacKinnon
Infobox Scientist
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name = Catharine MacKinnon
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field = Legal scholar
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various universities (Visiting Professor, 1984–1988)
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Catharine Alice MacKinnon (born
Biography
MacKinnon was born into an upper-middle class family in Minnesota. Her mother is Elizabeth Valentine Davis; her father, George E. MacKinnon was a lawyer, congressman (1946 to 1949), and judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1969 to 1995). She also has two younger brothers.
MacKinnon was the
MacKinnon was engaged to
MacKinnon is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the
Ideas and activism
MacKinnon's ideas may be divided into three central -- though overlapping and ongoing -- areas of focus: (1) exual harassment According to an article published by Deborah Dinner in the March/April 2006 issue of "Legal Affairs", MacKinnon first became interested in issues concerning resigned after being refused a transfer when she complained of her supervisor's harassing behavior, and who was denied unemployment benefits because she quit for 'personal' reasons. It was at a consciousness-raising session about this and other women's workplace experiences that the term sexual harassment was first coined. [cite web |url=http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2006/review_Dinner_marapr06.msp|title=www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2006/review_Dinner_marapr06.msp|title=A Firebrand Flickers: The legendary feminist Catharine MacKinnon spurred the law to protect women, but the next wave is tired of feeling sheltered| work=Legal Affairs|month=March |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-07-27] In 1977, MacKinnon graduated from Yale Law School after having written a paper on the topic of sexual harassment for Professor Thomas I. Emerson. Two years later, MacKinnon published "Sexual Harassment of Working Women," arguing that In her book, MacKinnon argued that sexual harassment is sex discrimination because the act reinforces the social inequality of women to men (see, for example, pp. 116-18, 174). She distinguishes between two types of sexual harassment (see pp. 32-42): 1) "quid pro quo," meaning sexual harassment "in which sexual compliance is exchanged, or proposed to be exchanged, for an employment opportunity (p. 32)" and 2) the type of harassment that "arises when sexual harassment is a persistent condition of work (p. 32)." In 1980, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission followed MacKinnon's framework in adopting guidelines prohibiting sexual harassment by prohibiting both quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment harassment (see 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(a)). In 1986, the Supreme Court held in " MacKinnon's book "Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination" is the eighth most-cited American legal book published since 1978, according to a study published by Fred Shapiro in January 2000. Pornography In 1980, MacKinnon and Dworkin, however, continued to discuss civil rights litigation as a possible approach to combatting pornography. MacKinnon opposed traditional arguments against pornography based on the idea of morality or sexual innocence, as well as the use of traditional criminal In 1983, the This ordinance was ruled unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. MacKinnon continued to support the civil rights approach in her writing and activism, and supported anti-pornography feminists who organized later campaigns in MacKinnon also wrote in the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review in 1985::And as you think about the assumption of consent that follows women into pornography, look closely some time for the skinned knees, the bruises, the welts from the whippings, the scratches, the gashes. Many of them are not simulated. One relatively soft core pornography model said, "I knew the pose was right when it hurt." It certainly seems important to the audiences that the events in the pornography be real. For this reason, pornography becomes a motive for murder, as in "snuff" films in which someone is tortured to death to make a sex film. They exist." [Catharine A. MacKinnon, Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech, 20 "Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev." 1 (1985). For support to her claim that snuff films exist, MacKinnon cited in footnote 61: "In the movies known as snuff films, victims sometimes are actually murdered."' 130 Cong. Rec. S13192 (daily ed. Oct. 3, 1984)(statement of Senator Specter introducing the Pornography Victims Protection Act). Information on the subject is understandably hard to get. See People v. Douglas, Felony Complaint No. NF 8300382 (Municipal Court, Orange County, Cal. Aug. 5, 1983); "'Slain Teens Needed Jobs, Tried Porn"' and "Two Accused of Murder in 'Snuff' Films" Oakland Tribune, Aug. 6, 1983 (on file with Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review); L. Smith, The Chicken Hawks (1975)(unpublished manuscript)(on file with Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review).] MacKinnon represented Linda Susan Boreman (better known under her stage name of Civil libertarians frequently find MacKinnon's theories objectionable (see "Criticisms" section). It has been claimed [Dworkin, Ronald. "Women and Pornography", "New York Review of Books" 40, no. 17 (21 October 1993): 299. "...no reputable study has concluded that pornography is a significant cause of sexual crime: many of them conclude, on the contrary, that the causes of violent personality lie mainly in childhood" ] that there is no evidence that sexually explicit media encourages or promotes violence against, or other measurable harm of, women. International work In February 1992, the The "Butler" decision was controversial; it is sometimes implied that shipments of Dworkin's book "Pornography" were seized by Canadian customs agents under this ruling, as well as books by MacKinnon has represented Bosnian and Croatian women against Serbs accused of genocide since 1992. She was co-counsel, representing named plaintiff S. Kadic, in the lawsuit "Kadic v. Karadzic" and won a jury verdict of $745 million in New York City on August 10, 2000. The lawsuit (under the United States' MacKinnon has also worked to change laws, or their interpretation and application in Mexico, Japan, Israel, and India. In 2001, MacKinnon was named co-director of the Lawyers Alliance for Women (LAW) Project, an initiative of Equality Now, an international Political theory MacKinnon's work largely focuses on the meaning of equality in law and life. Traditional equality employed the Aristotelian notion of equality--that is, the treatment of likes alike, unlikes unalike. MacKinnon believes that this fails to recognize that subordination of groups and existing hierarchy in society results in differences perceived as natural. The law, or other groups with power, then justifies distinctions based on these differences. In MacKinnon's theories, the opposite of equality is not difference but hierarchy as social constructs. "Equality thus requires promoting equality of status for historically subordinated groups, dismantling group hierarchy." In MacKinnon's view, this requires a substantive approach to equality jurisprudence in its examination of hierarchy, whereas before, abstract notions of equality sufficed. MacKinnon writes about the interrelations between theory and practice, recognizing that women's experiences have, for the most part, been ignored in both arenas. Furthermore, she uses MacKinnon understands epistemology as theories of knowing and politics as theories of power. She explains, "Having power means, among other things, that when someone says, 'this is how it is,' it is taken as being that way. . . . Powerlessness means that when you say 'this is how it is,' it is not taken as being that way. This makes articulating silence, perceiving the presence of absence, believing those who have been socially stripped of credibility, critically contextualizing what passes for simple fact, necessary to the epistemology of a politics of the powerless." [Catharine A. MacKinnon, Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech, 20 "Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev." 1, 3 & n.2 (1985)] In 1996, Fred Shapiro calculated that "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence," 8 Signs 635 (1983), was the 96th most cited article in law reviews even though it was published in a nonlegal journal. [Fred R. Shapiro, "The Most-Cited Law Review Articles Revisited," 71 "Chi.-Kent L. Rev." 751 (1996)] Criticisms During the so-called " Anti-pornography ordinances authored by MacKinnon and Dworkin in the United States sought for harm against victims, in relation to pornography, to be made actionable. Soon afterwards, obscenity laws passed in Canada (1985), and books and materials that fell under the new definition of pornography were removed. The Major works * "Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination" (1979) ISBN 0-300-02299-9 cite book|title=|oclc=3912752 "Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues" is currently a nominee for the Court cases * " Related cases * " References External links * [http://cgi2.www.law.umich.edu/_FacultyBioPage/facultybiopagenew.asp?ID=219 Faculty biography at University of Michigan] – includes bibliography of journal articles by MacKinnon Interviews * [http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html "A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon"] transcript of interview by By MacKinnon * [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/wom1461.doc.htm "Women’s Anti-discrimination Committee opens discussion on strengthening ‘legal backbone’ of women’s convention with general recommendation on implementation"] , Press Release WOM/1461, United Nations Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women, July 21, 2004.
Источник: Catharine MacKinnon
* "Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law" (1987) ISBN 0-674-29874-8 cite book|title=|oclc=157005506
* "Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality" (1988) ISBN 0-9621849-0-X cite book|title=|oclc=233530845
* "Toward a Feminist Theory of the State" (1989) ISBN 0-674-89646-7 cite book|title=|oclc=26545325
* "Only Words" (1993) ISBN 0-674-63933-2 cite book|title=|oclc=28067216
* (co-editor) "In Harm's Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings", edited by C. A. MacKinnon and A. Dworkin (1997) ISBN 0-674-44579-1 cite book|title=|oclc=37418262
* "Women's Lives, Men's Laws" (2005) ISBN 0-674-01540-1 cite book|title=|oclc=55494875
* "Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues". Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 2006 cite book|title=|isbn=0674021878 |oclc=62085505
* " [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/hudnut.html American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut] " ( [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/vaw00/hudnut.html alternate URL] ) 771 F.2d 323 (7th Cir. 1985), aff’d, 475 U.S. 1001 (1986)
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* " [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/karadzic/4298-12.html Kadic v Karadzic] " [http://laws.lp.findlaw.com/2nd/949035.html Alternate URL] 70 F.3rd 232 (2nd Cir. 1995), rehearing denied, 74 F.3rd 377 (2nd Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1005 (1996).
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* " [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diana/cases.htm Doe v. Karadzic] " (93 Civ. 878) (scroll down)
* [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/MacKinnon.html A bibliography of MacKinnon's works]
* [http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/public/experts/ExpDisplay.php?ExpID=497 MacKinnon expertise and contact info]
* [http://www.stanford.edu/dept/EIS/okin_conference/speakers.html#mackinnon MacKinnon at Stanford] ( [http://ethicsinsociety.stanford.edu/okin_conference/speakers.html#mackinnon Alternate URL] )
* [http://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?aid=9393211 Biography on A&E]
* [http://antonellagambottoburke.com/NonfictionReviewHuman.htm The "South China Morning Post" review of "Are Women Human?"]
* [http://www.snopes.com/quotes/mackinno.htm Snopes: Rape Seeded] - Indicates that it is false that MacKinnon ever asserted that "All sex is rape."
* [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/04/07/0332257 "Clinton Scandal: A Feminist Issue?"] , interview with
* [http://www.ffiles.net/episodes/MacKinnon.mp3 "Catharine A.MacKinnon: Women and Sexuality"] , interview by Jackie Arsenuk and Deric Shannon, "The F-Files", 2006. (
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