Книга: Oliver Sacks «Seeing Voices: A Journey into the World of the Deaf»

Oliver Wolf Sacks, CBE (born 9 July 1933, London, England), is a British neurologist and psychologist residing in New York City. He is a professor of neurology and psychiatry at Columbia University, where he also holds the position of Columbia Artist. He previously spent many years on the clinical faculty of Yeshiva University's Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Sacks is the author of numerous bestselling books,^[1] including several collections of case studies of people with neurological disorders. His 1973 book Awakenings was adapted into an Academy Award-nominated film of the same name in 1990 starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro.^[2] He, and his book Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain, were also the subject of "Musical Minds", an episode of the PBS series Nova.

Early life

Sacks was the youngest of four children born to a North London Jewish couple: Samuel Sacks, a physician, and Muriel Elsie Landau, one of the first female surgeons in England.^[3] Sacks had a large extended family, and among his first cousins are Israeli statesman Abba Eban, writer and director Jonathan Lynn, and economist Robert Aumann.

When Sacks was six years old, he and his brother Michael were evacuated from London to escape The Blitz, retreating to a boarding school in the Midlands, where he remained until 1943.^[3] He attended St Paul's School in London. During his youth, he was a keen amateur chemist, as recalled in his memoir Uncle Tungsten.^[4] He also learned to share his parents' enthusiasm for medicine and entered The Queen's College, Oxford University in 1951,^[3] from which he received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in physiology and biology in 1954.^[5] At the same institution, in 1958 he went on to incept as a Master of Arts (MA) and earn an BM BCh, thereby qualifying to practice medicine. He undertook residencies and fellowship work at Mt. Zion Hospital in San Francisco and at UCLA.^{[citation needed]}

Career

After converting his British qualifications to American recognition (i.e., an MD as opposed to BM BCh), Sacks moved to New York, where he has lived and practiced neurology since 1965.

Sacks began consulting at chronic care facility Beth Abraham Hospital (now Beth Abraham Health Services), in Olinville, Bronx, in 1966.^[6] At Beth Abraham, Sacks worked with a group of survivors of the 1920s sleeping sickness, encephalitis lethargica, who had been unable to move on their own for decades.^[6] These patients and his treatment of them were the basis of Sacks' book Awakenings.^[6]

Sacks served as an instructor and later clinical professor of neurology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine from 1966 to 2007, and also held an appointment at the New York University School of Medicine from 1999 to 2007. In July 2007, Sacks joined the faculty of Columbia University Medical Center as a professor of neurology and psychiatry. At the same time, he was appointed Columbia University's first Columbia University Artist at the university's Morningside campus, recognizing the role of his work in bridging the arts and sciences.

Since 1966, Sacks has served as a neurological consultant to various nursing homes in New York City run by the Little Sisters of the Poor, and from 1966 to 1991, he was a consulting neurologist at Bronx State Hospital.

Sacks's work at Beth Abraham helped provide the foundation on which the Institute for Music and Neurologic Function (IMNF) is built; Sacks is currently an honorary medical advisor.^[7] In 2000, IMNF honored Sacks with its first Music Has Power Award.^[8] The IMNF again bestowed a Music Has Power Award on Sacks in 2006 to commemorate "his 40 years at Beth Abraham and honor his outstanding contributions in support of music therapy and the effect of music on the human brain and mind".^[9]

Sacks remains a consultant neurologist to the Little Sisters of the Poor, and maintains a practice in New York City. He serves on the boards of the The Neurosciences Institute and the New York Botanical Garden.

Writing

Since 1970, Oliver Sacks has written books about his experience with neurological patients. Sacks's writings have been translated into over twenty five languages. In addition to his books, Sacks is a regular contributor to The New Yorker and The New York Review of Books, as well as other medical, scientific, and general publications.^[10][11][12] He was awarded the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science in 2001.^[13]

Sacks's work has been featured in a "broader range of media than those of any other contemporary medical author"^[14] and in 1990, The New York Times said he "has become a kind of poet laureate of contemporary medicine".^[15] His descriptions of people coping with and adapting to neurological conditions or injuries often illuminate the ways in which the normal brain deals with perception, memory and individuality.

Sacks considers that his literary style grows out of the tradition of 19th-century "clinical anecdotes," a literary style that included detailed narrative case histories. He also counts among his inspirations the case histories of the Russian neuropsychologist A. R. Luria.^[16]

Sacks describes his cases with a wealth of narrative detail, concentrating on the experiences of the patient (in the case of his A Leg to Stand On, the patient was himself). The patients he describes are often able to adapt to their situation in different ways despite the fact that their neurological conditions are usually considered incurable.^[17] His most famous book, Awakenings, upon which the 1990 feature film of the same name is based, describes his experiences using the new drug L-Dopa on Beth Abraham post-encephalitic patients.^[6] Sacks' book Awakenings was also the subject of the first documentary made (in 1974) for the British television series Discovery.

In his other books, he describes cases of Tourette syndrome and various effects of Parkinson's disease. The title article of The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat is about a man with visual agnosia and was the subject of a 1986 opera by Michael Nyman. The title article of An Anthropologist on Mars, which won a Polk Award for magazine reporting, is about Temple Grandin, a professor with high-functioning autism. Seeing Voices, Sacks's 1989 book, covers a variety of topics in deaf studies.

In his book The Island of the Colorblind Sacks describes the Chamorro people of Guam, who have a high incidence of a neurodegenerative disease known as Lytico-bodig (a devastating combination of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS, dementia, and parkinsonism). Along with Paul Cox, Sacks has published papers suggesting a possible environmental cause for the cluster, namely the toxin beta-methylamino L-alanine (BMAA) from the cycad nut accumulating by biomagnification in the flying fox bat.^[18][19]

Sacks has sometimes faced criticism in the medical and disability studies communities. During the 1970s and 1980s, his book and articles on the "Awakenings" patients were criticized or ignored by much of the medical establishment, on the grounds that his work was not based on the quantitative, double-blind study model. His account of abilities of autistic savants has been questioned by the researcher Makoto Yamaguchi,^[20] and Daniel Tammet shared this view. According to Yamaguchi, Sacks' mathematical explanations are also irrelevant.^[21] Arthur K. Shapiro—described as "the father of modern tic disorder research"^[22]—referring to Sacks' celebrity status and that his literary publications received greater publicity than Shapiro's medical publications, said he is "a much better writer than he is a clinician".^[23] Howard Kushner's A Cursing Brain? : The Histories of Tourette Syndrome, says Shapiro "contrasted his own careful clinical work with Sacks's idiosyncratic and anecdotal approach to a clinical investigation".^[24]

More sustained has been the critique of his political and ethical positions. Although many characterize Sacks as a "compassionate" writer and doctor,^[25][26][27] others feel he exploits his subjects.^[28] Sacks was called "the man who mistook his patients for a literary career" by British academic and disability-rights activist Tom Shakespeare,^[29] and one critic called his work "a high-brow freak show".^[30] Such criticism was echoed by a Sacks-like caricature played by Bill Murray in the film The Royal Tenenbaums.^[31] Sacks himself has stated "I would hope that a reading of what I write shows respect and appreciation, not any wish to expose or exhibit for the thrill... but it's a delicate business."^[32]

Honors

Since 1996, Sacks has been a member of The American Academy of Arts and Letters (Literature).^[33] In 1999, Sacks became a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences.^[34] Also in 1999, he became an Honorary Fellow at The Queen's College, Oxford.^[35] In 2002, he became Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Class IV—Humanities and Arts, Section 4—Literature).^[36] and he was awarded the 2001 Lewis Thomas Prize by Rockefeller University.^[37]

Sacks has been awarded honorary doctorates from the College of Staten Island (1991),^[5] Tufts University (1991),^[38] New York Medical College (1991),^[5] Georgetown University (1992),^[39] Medical College of Pennsylvania (1992),^[5] Bard College (1992),^[40] Queen's University (Ontario) (2001),^[41] Gallaudet University (2005),^[42] University of Oxford (2005),^[43] Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (2006),^[44] and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (2008).

Oxford University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in June 2005.^[45]

He was given the position "Columbia Artist" by Columbia University in 2007. This position was created for him specifically, and gives the university as a whole unconstrained access to him, regardless of department or discipline.^[46]

Sacks was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours.^[47]

Asteroid 84928 Oliversacks, discovered in 2003 and 2 miles (3.2 km) in diameter, was named in his honor.^[48]

In February 2010 Sacks was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.^[49]

Personal life

For his entire life Sacks has had a condition known as prosopagnosia or face blindness.^[50] In a December 2010 interview Sacks discussed how he had also lost his stereoscopic vision in the previous year because of a malignant tumor in his right eye. He now has no remaining vision in his right eye.^[51] His loss of stereo vision was recounted in his book The Mind's Eye which was published in October 2010.^[52]

Sacks has never married or lived with anyone and says that he is celibate.^[53] He says that he has not had a relationship in many years and has described his own shyness as "a disease".^[54] Sacks swims almost every day and has done so for decades. He discussed his work and his own personal health issues in BBC's Imagine documentary broadcast on 28 June 2011.^[51]

Publications

• Migraine (1970)
• Awakenings (1973)
• A Leg to Stand On (1984) (Sacks's own experience, after an accident, of losing the awareness of one of his legs)
• The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (1985)
• Seeing Voices: A Journey Into the World of the Deaf (1989) Online access
• An Anthropologist on Mars (1995)
• The Island of the Colorblind (1997) (total congenital color blindness in an island society, Guam disease)
• Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood (2001)
• Oaxaca Journal (2002)
• Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (2007)
• The Mind's Eye (2010)

References

External links

• Oliver Sacks' official website
• Oliver Sacks at Columbia University
• Oliver Sacks article archive at The New York Review of Books
• Oliver Sacks at TED Conferences
• Oliver Sacks on Charlie Rose
• Works by or about Oliver Sacks in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Oliver Sacks collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Oliver Sacks on CNN in January 2011
• Oliver Sacks on Science Friday, National Public Radio