Книга: Thornton Wilder «The Cabala»

Thornton Wilder

Infobox Writer
name = Thornton Wilder


imagesize =
caption = Thornton Wilder as Mr. Antrobus in "The Skin of Our Teeth", photographed by Carl Van Vechten, August 18, 1948
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birthname =
birthdate = birth date|1897|04|17
birthplace = Madison, Wisconsin
deathdate = death date and age|1975|12|7|1897|4|17|mf=y
deathplace = Hamden, Connecticut
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period =
genre = Playwright, Novelist
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movement =
notableworks = The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1927), Our Town (1938), The Skin of Our Teeth (1942)
spouse =
partner =
children =
relatives =
influences =
influenced =
awards = Pulitzer Prize 1927, 1938, 1942


website =
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Thornton Niven Wilder (April 17, 1897 – December 7, 1975) was an American playwright and novelist. His best known work is his play "Our Town".

Life

Family history

Thornton Niven Wilder was born in Madison, Wisconsin, and was the son of Amos Parker Wilder, a U.S. diplomat, and Isabella Niven Wilder. All of the Wilder children spent part of their childhood in China due to their father's work.

Thornton Wilder's older brother, Amos Niven Wilder, was Hollis Professor of Divinity at the Harvard Divinity School, a noted poet, and foundational to the development of the field theopoetics. Amos was also a nationally-ranked tennis player who competed at the Wimbledon tennis championships in 1922. His youngest sister, Isabel Wilder, was an accomplished writer. Both of his other sisters, Charlotte Wilder (a noted poet) and Janet Wilder Dakin (a zoologist), attended Mount Holyoke College and were excellent students. Additionally, Wilder had a sister and twin brother, both of whom died at birth.

Education

Wilder began writing plays while at The Thacher School in Ojai, California, where he did not fit in and was teased by classmates as overly intellectual. According to a classmate, “We left him alone, just left him alone. And he would retire at the library, his hideaway, learning to distance himself from humiliation and indifference.” His family lived for a time in China, where his sister Janet was born in 1910. He attended the English China Inland Mission Chefoo School at Yantai but returned with his mother and siblings to California in 1912 because of the unstable political conditions in China at the time. Thornton also attended Creekside Middle School in Berkeley, and graduated from Berkeley High School in 1915. Wilder also studied in law for two years before dropping out of college in Berkeley.

After serving in the United States Coast Guard during World War I, he attended Oberlin College before earning his B.A. at Yale University in 1920, where he refined his writing skills as a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity, a literary society. He earned his M.A. in French from Princeton University in 1926.

Career

After graduating, Wilder studied in Rome and then taught French at Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey. In 1926 Wilder's first novel "The Cabala" was published. In 1927, "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" brought him commercial success and his first Pulitzer Prize in 1928. He resigned from Lawrenceville School in 1928. From 1930 to 1937 he taught at the University of Chicago. In 1938 he won the Pulitzer Prize for drama for his play "Our Town" and he won the prize again in 1942 for his play "The Skin of Our Teeth". World War II saw him rise to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Army Air Force and he received several awards. He went on to be a visiting professor at the University of Hawaii and to teach poetry at Harvard. Though he considered himself a teacher first and a writer second, he continued to write all his life, receiving the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1957 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963. In 1967 he won the National Book Award for his novel "The Eighth Day".

He died in his sleep, December 7 1975 in Hamden, Connecticut, where he had been living with his sister, Isabel, for many years.

Wilder had a wide circle of friends and enjoyed mingling with other famous people, including Ernest Hemingway, Russel Wright, Willa Cather, Montgomery Clift and Gertrude Stein. Although he never discussed his homosexuality publicly or in his writings, his close friend Samuel M. Steward is generally acknowledged to have been his lover. [cite web|url=http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/gaybears/wilder/|title=Gay Bears: The Hidden History of the Berkeley Campus: Thornton Wilder|author=The Gay Bears Collection|publisher=University Library, University of California at Berkeley|accessdate=2006-07-20]

Works

Wilder translated and wrote the libretti to two operas. Also Alfred Hitchcock, whom he admired, asked him to write the screenplay to his thriller, "Shadow of a Doubt".

"The Bridge of San Luis Rey" (1927) tells the story of several unrelated people who happen to be on a bridge in Peru when it collapses, killing them. Philosophically, the book explores the problem of evil, or the question, of why unfortunate events occur to people who seem "innocent" or "undeserving".

It won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928, and in 1998 it was selected by the editorial board of the American Modern Library as one of the 100 best novels of the twentieth century. The book was quoted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair during the memorial service for victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001. Since then its popularity has grown enormously. The book is the progenitor of the modern disaster epic in literature and film-making, where a single disaster intertwines the victims, whose lives are then explored by means of flashbacks to events before the disaster.

Wilder was the author of "Our Town", a popular play (and later film) set in fictional Grover's Corners, New Hampshire. It was inspired by his friend Gertrude Stein's novel "The Making of Americans", and many elements of Stein's deconstructive style can be found throughout the work. "Our Town" employs a choric narrator called the "Stage Manager" and a minimalist set to underscore the universality of human experience. (Wilder himself played the Stage Manager on Broadway for two weeks and later in summer stock productions.) following the daily lives of the Gibbs and Webb families as well as the other inhabitants of Grover’s Corners, Wilder illustrates the importance of the universality of the simple, yet meaningful lives of all people in the world in order to demonstrate the value of appreciating life. The play won the 1938 Pulitzer Prize. Wilder suffered from severe writer's block while writing the final act. That same year Max Reinhardt directed a Broadway production of "The Merchant of Yonkers", which Wilder had adapted from Austrian playwright Johann Nestroy's "Einen Jux will er sich machen" (1842). It was a failure, closing after just 39 performances.

His play "The Skin of Our Teeth" opened in New York on November 18, 1942 with Fredric March and Tallulah Bankhead in the lead roles. Again, the themes are familiar--the timeless human condition; history as progressive, cyclical, or entropic; literature, philosophy, and religion as the touchstones of civilization. Three acts dramatize the travails of the Antrobus family, allegorizing the alternate history of mankind. It was claimed by Joseph Campbell and Robert Morton Robinson, authors of A Skeleton Key to Finnegan's Wake, that much of the play was the result of unacknowledged borrowing from Joyce's last work. (Joseph Campbell, Pathways to Bliss.)

In 1955, Tyrone Guthrie encouraged Wilder to rework "The Merchant of Yonkers" into "The Matchmaker". This time the play enjoyed a healthy Broadway run of 486 performances with Ruth Gordon in the title role, winning a Tony Award for Guthrie, its director. It later became the basis for the hit 1964 musical "Hello, Dolly!", with a book by Michael Stewart and score by Jerry Herman.

His last novel, "Theophilus North", was published in 1973.

Novels by Thornton Wilder

*"The Cabala" (1926)
*"The Bridge of San Luis Rey" (1927) – Pulitzer Prize
*"The Woman of Andros" (1930), based on the Andria (comedy) of Terence.
*"Heaven's My Destination" (1935)
*"Ides of March" (1948)
*"The Eighth Day" (1967)
*"Theophilus North" (1973)

Plays

*"The Trumpet Shall Sound" (1926)
*"An Angel That Troubled the Waters and Other Plays" (1928)
*"The Long Christmas Dinner and Other Plays in One Act" (1931) which includes
**"The Long Christmas Dinner"
**"Queens of France"
**"Pullman Car Hiawatha"
**"Love and How to Cure It"
**"Such Things Only Happen in Books"
**"The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden"
*"Our Town" (1938) – Pulitzer Prize
*"The Merchant of Yonkers" (1938)
*"The Skin of Our Teeth" (1942) – Pulitzer Prize
*"The Matchmaker" (1954) (revised from "The Merchant of Yonkers")
*"Childhood" (1960)
*"Infancy" (1960)
*"Plays for Bleecker Street" (1962)
*"" (1977)
*"The Collected Short Plays of Thornton Wilder Volume I" (1997) which includes
**"The Long Christmas Dinner"
**"Queens of France"
**"Pullman Car Hiawatha"
**"Love and How to Cure It"
**"Such Things Only Happen in Books"
**"The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden"
**"The Drunken Sisters"
**"Bernice"
**"The Wreck on the Five-Twenty-Five"
**"A Ringing of Doorbells"
**"In Shakespeare and the Bible"
**"Someone from Assisi"
**"Cement Hands"
**"Infancy"
**"Childhood"
**"Youth"
**"The Rivers Under the Earth"

Collected Works

*McClatchy, J. D., ed. "Thornton Wilder, Collected Plays and Writings on Theater" (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 978-1-59853-003-2.

References

External links

Sources
* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3AThornton%20Wilder%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Works by Thorton Wilder] at Internet ArchiveOther
* [http://www.tcnj.edu/~wilder/biography/frame.html Biography from the Thornton Wilder Society]
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr17.html The Library of Congress - Today in History:] April 17
* [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/gaybears/wilder/ Wilder at The Thacher School; Wilder as closeted gay]

Источник: Thornton Wilder