Электронная книга: Robert Hooke «Micrographia»
Полный вариант заголовка: «Micrographia : or some physiological descriptions of minute bodiesmade by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon / by R. Hooke». Издательство: "Библиотечный фонд" (1665)
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Robert Hooke
Infobox Scientist
name = Robert Hooke
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birth_date = birth date|1635|7|18
birth_place = Freshwater,
death_date = death date and age|1703|03|03|1635|07|18
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Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English
Hooke is known principally for his law of elasticity (
Hooke was, by all accounts, a remarkably industrious man, and was at one time simultaneously the curator of the Royal Society and a member of its council,
Hooke's reputation was largely forgotten during the eighteenth century, and this is popularly attributed to a dispute with
Biography
Much of what is known of Hooke's early life comes from an autobiography that he commenced in 1696, but did not complete. This was referenced by Richard Waller in his introduction to the "The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke, M.D. S.R.S.", printed in 1705. The work of Waller, along with John Ward's "Lives of the Gresham Professors" and
Early life
Robert Hooke was born in 1635 in Freshwater on the
John Hooke also was in charge of a local school, and so was able to teach Robert, at least partly at home perhaps due to the boy's frail health. He was a Royalist and almost certainly one of a groups who went to pay their respects to Charles II when he escaped to the Isle of Wight. Robert, too, grew up to be a staunch monarchist.
As a youth, Robert Hooke was fascinated by observation, mechanical works, and drawing, interests that would be pursued in various ways throughout his life. He dismantled a brass clock and built a wooden replica that, by all accounts, worked "well enough", and he learned to draw, making his own materials from coal, chalk and
On his father's death in 1648, Robert was left a sum of one hundred pounds that enabled him to buy an apprenticeship; with his poor health throughout his life but evident mechanical facility his father had it in mind that he might become a
Oxford, Boyle
In 1653, Hooke (who had also undertaken a course of twenty lessons on the organ) secured a chorister's place at Christ Church, Oxford. [cite book | last = Jardine | first = Lisa | authorlink = | title = The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man who Measured London | publisher = Harper Collins Publishers | year = 2003 | location = New York | pages = 65 | isbn = 0-00-714944-1] There he met the natural philosopher
Hooke began to be noticed around 1655, at that time a gathering of erudite men would take place in Oxford that was devoted to the study and demonstration of various elements of
It is known that Hooke had a particularly keen eye, and was an adept mathematician, neither of which applied to Boyle. Gunther suggests that Hooke probably made the observations and may well have developed the mathematics of
Watch escapement
In 1655, according to his autobiographical notes, Hooke began to acquaint himself with astronomy, through the good offices of John Ward. Hooke applied himself to the improvement of the
Royal Society
The
In 1664, Sir John Cutler settled an annual gratuity of fifty pounds on the Society for the founding of a "Mechanick Lecture", and the Fellows appointed Hooke to this task. On June 27 1664 he was confirmed to the office, and on 11 January 1665 was named "Curator by Office" for life with an additional salary of £30 to Cutler's annuity. [Sir John Cutler and Hooke were at odds in the following years over monies due to Hooke. Following Cutler's death, Hooke enlisted the aid of friends of the Cutler family, including Master of
Hooke's role at the Royal Society was to demonstrate experiments from his own methods or at the suggestion of members. Among his earliest demonstrations were discussions of the nature of air, the implosion of glass bubbles which had been sealed with comprehensive hot air, and demonstrating that the "Pabulum vitae" and "flammae" were one and the same. He also demonstrated that a dog could be kept alive with its thorax opened, provided air was pumped in and out of its lungs, and noting the difference between
Instruments were devised to measure a second of arc in the movement of the sun or other stars, to measure the strength of
In 1663 and 1664 Hooke produced his
On March 20, 1664, Hooke succeeded Arthur Dacres as
Personality and disputes
Much has been written about the unpleasant side of Hooke's personality, starting with comments by his first biographer, Richard Waller, that Hooke was "in person, but despicable" and "melancholy, mistrustful, and jealous." [Citation | first = Robert | last = Hooke | editor-last = Waller | editor-first = Richard | title = The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke | year = 1705 | place = London | publisher = ] Waller's comments influenced other writers for well over two centuries, so that a picture of Hooke as a disgruntled, selfish, anti-social curmudgeon dominates many older books and articles. For example, Arthur Berry said that Hooke "claimed credit for most of the scientific discoveries of the time." [cite book | last = Berry | first = Arthur | title = A Short History of Astronomy | publisher = John Murray | location = London | year = 1898 | pages = 221- See also the reprint published by Dover in 1961] Sullivan wrote that Hooke was "positively unscrupulous" and possessing an "uneasy apprehensive vanity" in dealings with Newton. [cite book | last = Sullivan | first = J. W. N. | title = Isaac Newton 1642–1727 | publisher = Macmillan | location = New York | year = 1938 | pages = 35 – 37] Manuel used the phrase "cantankerous, envious, vengeful" in his description. [cite book | last = Manuel | first = Frank E. | title = A Portrait of Isaac Newton | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1968 | pages = 138] More described Hooke having both a "cynical temperament" and a "caustic tongue." [cite book | last = More | first = Louis Trenchard. | title = Isaac Newton | publisher = Charles Schribner's Sons | location = New York | year = 1934 | pages = 94 – 95] Andrade was more sympathetic, but still used the adjectives "difficult", "suspicious", and "irritable" in describing Hooke. [cite book | last = Andrarde | first = E. N. De C. | title = Isaac Newton | publisher = Chanticleer Press | location = New York | year = 1950 | pages = 56 – 57]
The publication of Hooke's diary in 1935 [Citation | first = Robert | last = Hooke | editor-last = Robinson | editor-first = H. W. | editor2-last = Adams | editor2-first = W. | title = The Diary of Robert Hooke, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., 1672-1680 | year = 1935 | place = London | publisher = Taylor & Francis ] revealed other sides of the man that 'Espinasse, in particular, has detailed carefully. She writes that "the picture which is usually painted of Hooke as a morose and envious recluse is completely false.". [cite book | last = 'Espinasse | first = Margaret | authorlink = | title = Robert Hooke | publisher = William Heinemann Ltd. | year = 1956 | location = London | pages = 106 ] Hooke interacted with noted craftsmen such as
Robert Hooke spent his life largely on the Isle of Wight, at Oxford, and in London. He never married, but his diary shows that he was not without affections, and more, for others. On 3 March 1703, Hooke died in London, having amassed a sizable sum of money, which was found in his room at Gresham College. He was buried at
There is little doubt that Hooke was prone to intellectual jealousy. His disputes with Newton over credit for work on gravitation and the planets, and with Oldenburg over credit for the watch escapement, are but two well-known examples, and he was apt to use
None of this should distract from Hooke's inventiveness, his remarkable experimental facility, and his capacity for hard work, and neither should his false claims of priority be ignored as a grave flaw in his character. He was granted a large number of patents for inventions and refinements in the fields of elasticity, optics, and barometry.
Hooke the scientist
Mechanics
In 1660, Hooke discovered the law of elasticity which bears his name and which describes the linear variation of tension with extension in an elastic spring. He first described this discovery in the anagram "ceiiinosssttuv", whose solution he published in 1678 as "Ut tensio, sic vis" meaning "As the extension, so the force." Hooke's work on elasticity culminated, for practical purposes, in his development of the
Hooke became Curator of Experiments in 1662 to the newly founded
Microscopy
In 1665 Hooke published "
"Micrographia" also contains Hooke's, or perhaps Boyle and Hooke's, ideas on combustion. Hooke's experiments led him to conclude that combustion involves a substance that is mixed with air, a statement with which modern scientists would agree, but that was not widely understood, if at all, in the seventeenth century. Hooke went on to conclude that respiration also involves a specific component of the air. [See particularly Observation 16 of "Micrographia".] Partington even goes so far as to claim that if "Hooke had continued his experiments on combustion it is probable that he would have discovered oxygen". [cite book | author = Partington, J. P. | title = A Short History of Chemistry | year = 1951 | edition = 2| publisher = Macmillan and Company | location = London | pages = 78 – 80 ]
Astronomy
One of the more-challenging problems tackled by Hooke was the measurement of the distance to a star (other than the Sun). The star chosen was
Hooke's activities in astronomy extended beyond the study of stellar distance. His "Micrographia" contains illustrations of the
On 8 July 1680, Hooke observed the nodal patterns associated with the modes of vibration of glass plates. He ran a bow along the edge of a glass plate covered with flour, and saw the nodal patterns emerge. [http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/chladni.html Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni] , [http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/about/index.html Institute for Learning Technologies] , Hooke the architect , whose dome uses a method of construction conceived by Hooke. In the reconstruction after the Great Fire, Hooke proposed redesigning London's streets on a grid pattern with wide boulevards and arteries, a pattern subsequently used in the renovation of Paris, Liverpool, and many American cities. This proposal was thwarted by arguments over property rights, as property owners were surreptitiously shifting their boundaries. Hooke was in demand to settle many of these disputes, due to his competence as a surveyor and his tact as an arbitrator. For an extensive study of Hooke's architectural work, see the book by Cooper. [cite book | last = Cooper | first = Michael | authorlink = | title = 'A More Beautiful City': Robert Hooke and the Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire | publisher = Sutton Publishing Ltd. | year = 2003 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-75-092-959-0] Likenesses No authenticated portrait of Robert Hooke exists, a situation sometimes attributed to the heated conflicts between Hooke and " In 2003, historian Other possible likenesses of Hooke include the following: * A seal used by Hooke displays an unusual profile portrait of a man's head, which some have argued portrays Hooke. * The engraved frontispiece to the 1728 edition of Chambers' "Cyclopedia" shows a drawing of a bust of Robert Hooke. [See http://www.she-philosopher.com/players/RHsplash.html ] The extent to which the drawing is based on an actual work of art is unknown. * A memorial window [ [http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/robert_hooke.htm Robert Hooke ] ] existed at Commemorations * Craters on the See also * References Further reading * * * * * * * * *(privately printed, 1923-67) * * Hooke, Robert (1635-1703). [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/HistSciTech.HookeMicro "Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon..."] * *(Published in the USA as "The Forgotten Genius") * * * External links * [http://www.themonument.info/history/dr_robert_hooke.html The Monument - Dr. Robert Hooke] Persondata Источник: Robert Hooke
* 3514 Hooke, an asteroid (1971 UJ)
* [http://www.bscb.org/?url=meetings/hooke The Hooke Medal]
* Robert Hooke Science center St. John Smith Square Westminster School London
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* Reticle (crosshair)
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* The Boyle-Hooke plaque in
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* [http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/ Robert Hooke] , hosted by Westminster School
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15491 Hooke's "Micrographia"] , at Project Gutenberg
* [http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm A timeline of Hooke's life]
* [http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/leonardo.htm "England's Leonardo"] , a lecture on Robert Hooke
* [http://www.she-philosopher.com/players/RHsplash.html An engraved bust] of Robert Hooke
* [http://archive.museophile.org/ox/univ-col/boyle-hooke.html Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke]
* [http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/library/HookeTTP/hooke_broadband.htm The Hooke Folio] , a lost manuscript
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,,1705687,00.html Lost manuscript of Robert Hooke discovered] – from
* [http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,,1741992,00.html Manuscript bought for The Royal Society] – from
* " [http://www.scienceblogs.org.uk/archives/ Exploring our archives] ", a blog by researchers at the Royal Society exploring Hooke's lost manuscript
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NAME=Hooke, Robert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=polymath, physicist
DATE OF BIRTH=
PLACE OF BIRTH=Freshwater,
DATE OF DEATH=
PLACE OF DEATH=
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Robert Hooke | Micrographia | Полный вариант заголовка: «Micrographia : or some physiological descriptions of minute bodiesmade by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon / by R. Hooke» — Библиотечный фонд, электронная книга Подробнее... | 1665 | электронная книга |
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Micrographia — es el título de la obra escrita en 1665 por el científico inglés Robert Hooke, en el que aparecen por primera vez dibujos de imágenes tomadas con microscopía óptica. El libro contiene la descripción detallada de cincuenta y siete observaciones… … Wikipedia Español
Micrographia — Micrographia, título de la obra escrita en 1665 por el científico inglés Robert Hooke, en el que aparecen por primera vez dibujos de imágenes tomadas con microscopía óptica. El libro contiene la descripción detallada de cincuenta y siete… … Enciclopedia Universal
Micrographia — This article is about the book. For the medical term, see Micrographia (handwriting). For artwork drawn with lines of minute characters, see Micrography. Title page of Micrographia. Micrographia is a historic book by Robert Hooke, detailing the… … Wikipedia
Micrographia — Микрография Micrographia … Википедия
Micrographia — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Micrographie. Gravure d une puce dans la Micrographia. La Micrographia (Micrographie) en anglais est un … Wikipédia en Français
Micrographia (handwriting) — For artwork drawn with lines of minute characters, see micrography. Example of writing by a patient with Parkinson s disease that is possibly showing micrographia in addition to other abnormal characteristics. Published by Jean Martin Charcot in… … Wikipedia