Электронная книга: Francis Walsingham «Le secret des Cours»
Полный вариант заголовка: «Le secret des Cours : ou les memoires de Walsingham, secretaire d'etat sous la Reine Elisabeth / avec les remarques de Robert Nanton, sur le regne&sur les favoris de cette princesse». Издательство: "Библиотечный фонд" (1695)
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Francis Walsingham
Sir Francis Walsingham (c. 1532 –
Early years
Francis Walsingham was born at the Walsingham family seat,
Walsingham studied at King's College,
erving Elizabeth I
When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne in 1558, Walsingham returned to England and, through the support of Sir William Cecil, was elected to the House of Commons for
In the following years, Walsingham became active in soliciting support for the
In 1570, the Queen chose Walsingham to support the Huguenots in their negotiations with Charles IX. Later that year, he succeeded Sir Henry Norris as ambassador to France, seeking to prosecute a close alliance between England, Charles IX, the Huguenots, and other European Protestant interests in support of the nascent revolt of the
After his return, Walsingham was appointed joint principal secretary ("of state": the phrase was not used at this time in England) with Sir Thomas Smith, succeeding Sir William Cecil. Smith retired unexpectedly in 1576, leaving Walsingham in sole charge.
Elizabeth called him her "Moor", perhaps due to his small, dark frame or a preference for sombre clothes. She put up with his blunt, often unwelcome, advice because she valued his competence and industry, his passion for her security, and his grasp of foreign affairs.
On
He was sent on special embassies to the Netherlands in 1578, and again in 1581 to the French Court, suggesting both the Queen's high confidence in his abilities, and also that she knew how to exploit his standing as a committed Protestant statesman to threaten the Catholic powers.
Between 1578 and 1581, Walsingham was at the forefront of debate on the attempt by a group at court to encourage the Queen to marry the Duke of Anjou, heir to the French throne. Walsingham passionately opposed the marriage, perhaps to the point of encouraging public opposition. He believed that it would serve England better to seek a military alliance with France against Spanish interests.
Walsingham would have preferred more direct English intervention in the Low Countries, and eventually, after the deaths of both Anjou and
From 1585 to his death, Walsingham was deeply engaged, working closely with Cecil (later
Walsingham secured in 1584 the overthrow of a non-aligned government in Scotland after years of reverses since the 1578 overthrow of the pro-English Regent Morton. Walsingham himself visited the Scottish court in 1583. This lurch towards Anglo-Scottish Protestant amity was at first tentative, but proved to be stable and to pave the way to the succession of
These were years of tension in policy towards France, with Walsingham sceptical of the unpredictable Henry III, while the flamboyant English ambassador in Paris,
Espionage
In the realm of counter-espionage, Walsingham was behind the discovery of the Throckmorton and
In November 1583, after months of surveillance, Walsingham had Throckmorton arrested. He extracted, under
Although Mary was not prosecuted, Walsingham became so concerned about her influence that he was determined to hold her responsible for any further conspiracies. Babington's Plot was the result of that determination. Walsingham drew deeply on his spies among the English Catholic community, and abroad, on whose divisions he was adept at playing. This led to Mary's execution in 1587, for which Walsingham had worked since before his advent to power. He was an active participant at her trial and briefly experienced the Queen's displeasure in its aftermath, due to Elizabeth's concern that executing a fellow monarch would undermine the authority of her monarchy.
Prior to the attack of the
In foreign intelligence, the full range of Walsingham's network of "intelligencers" (of news as well as secrets) may never be known, but it was substantial. While foreign intelligence was part of the principal secretary's duties, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition, and large sums of his own money. He also cast his net more widely than others had done hitherto, exploiting the insight into Spanish policy offered at the Italian courts; cultivating contacts in
Legacy
Walsingham was the first English statesman fully to embrace the challenges of the post-Reformation diplomatic world and the new European threats and alliances it offered. Meanwhile, closely linked to the
In other affairs, Walsingham acquired a
As an advisor on whom Elizabeth depended during the central part of her reign, Walsingham received large sums of money from the Queen over the years. He spent his wealth prodigally in the service of the Queen and the Protestant cause. Elizabeth knew this, complaining that he would not prosper. He obtained land grants, grants for the export of beer and cloth, and leases of customs in the northern and western outposts. His primary residences, apart from the court, were at Seething Lane by the
Francis Walsingham died on
Walsingham attracts controversy still. Catholics, from the
Walsingham in fiction
* In Anthony Burgess' novel "
* The film "Elizabeth" gives considerable, although historically inaccurate, prominence to the espionage skills of Walsingham (portrayed by
* Walsingham was played by Stephen Murray in the
* Walsingham was portrayed by actor
* Walsingham appears as Christopher Marlowe's taskmaster in the
* Walsingham and his fictional niece appear in "Lucy's Blade" by John Lambshead
* Walsingham provided the basis for Sir Nicholas Fury in
*Sir Jack Wilton in "" is the analogue of Walsingham in the "
* In Samuel Blumenfeld's "The Marlowe-Shakespeare Connection: A New Study of the Authorship Question" (McFarland, 2008), playwright Christopher Marlowe's connection to the spymaster Walsingham and his cousin Thomas Walsingham is detailed.
References
* Alan Haynes. 2004. "Walsingham: Elizabeth's spymaster."
* Alan Haynes. 1992. "The Elizabethan Secret Services." Sutton Publishing. Reprint, 2001.
* Stephen Budiansky. 2005. "Her Majesty's Spymaster: Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Walsingham, and the Birth of Modern Espionage."
* John Burke and John Bernard Burke, 1844. "A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland, and Scotland."
Источник: Francis Walsingham
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