Электронная книга: Georg Christoph Lichtenberg «Vermischte Schriften. Bd. 2»
Полный вариант заголовка: «Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's Vermischte Schriften. Bd. 2 / nach dessen Tode aus den hinterlassenen Papieren ges. u. hrsg. von Ludwig Christian Lichtenberg u. Friedrich Kries». Издательство: "Библиотечный фонд" (1801)
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Vermischte Schriften. Bd. 1 | Полный вариант заголовка: «Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's Vermischte Schriften. Bd. 1 / nach dessen Tode aus den hinterlassenen Papieren ges. u. hrsg. von Ludwig Christian… — Библиотечный фонд, электронная книга Подробнее... | электронная книга |
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
Infobox Scientist
name = Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
caption = Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
birth_date = birth date|1742|7|1|df=y
birth_place =
death_date = death date|1799|2|24|df=y
death_place =
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nationality = German
ethnicity =
field =
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influences =
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Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (
Life
Lichtenberg was the youngest of seventeen children of
Lichtenberg became a hunchback owing to a malformation of the spine. This left him unusually short, even by eighteenth-century standards. Over time this malformation grew worse, ultimately affecting even his breathing.
One of the first scientists to introduce
As a physicist, today he is remembered for his investigations in He was one of the first to introduce Invited by his students, he visited He had many romances. Most of the women were from poor families. In 1777 he met Maria Stechard, then aged 13, who lived with the professor permanently after 1780. She died in 1782. [The relation between the man and his "little daughter" was made into a novel by Lichtenberg was prone to Waste books The "waste books" (Lichtenberg rendered it roughly as "Sudelbücher" in German) are the notebooks he kept from his student days until the end of his life. Each volume was accorded a letter of the alphabet from A, which begun in 1765, to L, which broke off at Lichtenberg's death in 1799. These notebooks first became known to the world after the man's death, when the first and second editions of "Lichtenbergs Vermischte Schriften" (1800-06 and 1844-53) were published by his sons and brothers. Since the initial publications, however, notebooks G and H, and most of notebook K, were destroyed or disappeared. Those missing parts are believed to contain sensitive materials. The manuscripts of the remaining notebooks are now preserved in Göttingen University. The notebooks contain quotations that struck Lichtenberg, titles of books to read, autobiographical sketches, and short or long reflections. It is those reflections that help Lichtenberg earn his posthumous fame. Today he is regarded as one of the best Some scholars have attempted to distil a system of thought out of Lichtenberg's scattered musings. However, Lichtenberg was not a professional philosopher, and had no need to present, or to have, any consistent philosophy. The waste books nevertheless reveal a critical and analytical way of thinking and emphasize on experimental evidence in physics, through which he became one of the early founders and advocates of modern scientific methodology. The reflections also include keen observations on human nature, à la the 17th-century French moralists. Schopenhauer admired Lichtenberg for what he had written in his notebooks greatly. He called Lichtenberg one of those who "think ... for their own instruction", who are "genuine "thinkers for themselves" in both senses of the words". [Arthur Schopenhauer, trans. R.J. Hollingdale, "Essays and Arphorisms", Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970, p. 93.] Other admirers of Lichtenberg's notebooks include Nietzsche, Freud and Wittgenstein. [For Lichtenberg's influences on German writers, see Dieter Lamping, "Lichtenbergs literarisches Nachleben", Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992.] Lichtenberg is not read by many outside Germany. Other works As a satirist, Lichtenberg takes high rank among the German writers of the 18th century. His biting wit involved him in many controversies with well-known contemporaries, such as the Swiss physiognomist In 1777, Lichtenberg opposed the apparent misrepresentation of science by In 1784 he took over the publication of the textbook "Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre" ("Foundations of the Natural Sciences") from his friend and colleague Johann Christian Erxleben upon his premature death in 1777. Until 1794, three further editions had followed. For many years, the "Anfangsgründe" remained the standard textbook for physics in German. He contributed to the "Göttinger Taschen Calender" from 1778 onwards, and to the "Göttingisches Magazin der Wissenschaften und Literatur", which he edited for three years (1780-1782) with J. G. A. Forster. The "Göttinger Taschen Calendar", beside being a usual Calendar for everyday usage, contained not only short writings on natural phenomena and new scientific discoveries (which would be termed popular science today), but also essays in which he contests quackery and superstition. In the spirit of enlightenment, he strives to educate the common people to use logic, wit and the power of their own senses. Based on his visits to England, his "Briefe aus England", with admirable descriptions of Garrick's acting, are the most attractive of his writings published during his lifetime. He also published in 1794-1799 an "Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche" in which he described the satirical details in Freud (in his "Why War?" letter to Einstein) mentions Lichtenberg's invention of a "Compass of Motives" in a discussion on the combination of human compounded motives and quotes him as saying, "The motives that lead us to do anything might be arranged like the thirty-two winds and might be given names on the same pattern: for instance, 'food-food-fame' or 'fame-fame-food'." elected bibliography Works published during his lifetime References *Citation External links * [http://www.lichtenberg-gesellschaft.de/ The Lichtenberg Society] Persondata Источник: Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
last=Harris
first=William Snow
title=A Treatise on Frictional Electricity in Theory and Practice
date=1867
publisher=Virtue & Co.
location=London
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tehLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA86, p.86] One of the largest ever made, it was 6 feet (2 m) in diameter and could produce 15 inch (38 cm) sparks. With it, he discovered the basic principle of modern The more experience and experiments are accumulated during the exploration of nature, the more faltering its theories become. It is always good though not to abandon them instantly. For every hypothesis which used to be good at least serves the purpose of duly summarizing and keeping all phenomena until its own time. One should lay down the conflicting experience separately, until it has accumulated sufficiently to justify the efforts necessary to edifice a new theory. (Lichtenberg: waste book JII/1602)
*"Briefe aus England", 1776-78
*"Über Physiognomik, wider die Physiognomen", 1778
*"Göttingisches Magazin der Wissenschaften und Litteratur", 1780-85 (ed. by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg and Georg Forster)
*"Über die Pronunciation der Schöpse des alten Griechenlandes", 1782
*"Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche", 1794-1799Complete works in German
*"Schriften und Briefe", 1968-72 (4 vols., ed. by Wolfgang Promies)English translations
*"The Lichtenberg Reader", 1959 (trans. and ed. by Franz H. Mautner and Henry Hatfield)
*"The World of Hogarth. Lichtenberg's Commentaries on Hogarth's Engravings", 1966 (trans. by Innes and Gustav Herdan)
*"Hogarth on High Life. The Marriage à la Mode Series, from Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's Commentaries", 1970 (trans. and ed. by Arthur S. Wensinger and W. B. Coley)
*"Aphorisms", 1990 (trans. with an introduction and notes by
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13086258
last=BLOCH
first=K
publication-date=1953 Jul 25
year=1953
title= [Medical remarks in Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's writings.]
volume=29-30
issue=
periodical=Die Medizinische
pages=960-1
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/352823
last=Gresky
first=W
publication-date=1978
year=1978
title= [2 letters by the Bernese Professor Johann Georg Tralles to Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1786)]
volume=35
issue=1-2
periodical=Gesnerus
pages=87-106
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11611016
last=Eulner
first=H H
publication-date=1982
year=1982
title=Zur Geschichte der Meeresheilkunde: Georg Christoph Lichtenberg und das Seebad Cuxhaven.
volume=17
issue=1-2
periodical=Medizinhistorisches Journal
pages=115-28
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6372678
last=Grupe
first=G
publication-date=1984 Mar
year=1984
title= [Identification of the skeleton of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg]
volume=42
issue=1
periodical=Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht über die biologisch-anthropologische Literatur
pages=1-9
*Citation
id =
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1401720
last=Tomlinson
first=C
publication-date=1992
year=1992
title=G. C. Lichtenberg: dreams, jokes, and the unconscious in eighteenth-century Germany.
volume=40
issue=3
periodical=Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
pages=761-99
* [http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/autoren/lichtenb.htm Original texts at the German Projekt Gutenberg]
* [http://www.geocities.com/neveyaakov/electro_science/lichtenberg.html Compilations of biographies and images]
* [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lichten.htm Brief biography at Kirjasto (Pegasos)]
* [http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/may02/lichtenberg.htm Book review: G. C. Lichtenberg: a "spy on humanity"]
* [http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/lichtenberg/ Book review: Aphorisms by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg]
* [http://ppp.unipv.it/Collana/Pages/Libri/Saggi/Volta%20and%20the%20History%20of%20Electricity/V&H%20Sect3/V&H%20229-244.pdf Georg Christoph Lichtenberg : Experimental Physics from the Spirit of Aphorism] (
NAME = Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph
ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
SHORT DESCRIPTION = German scientist, satrist
DATE OF BIRTH =
PLACE OF BIRTH =
DATE OF DEATH =
PLACE OF DEATH =
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