Электронная книга: Johann Gottlieb Fichte «Der geschlossne Handelstaat: ein philosophischer Entwurf als Anhang zur Rechtslehre»
Полный вариант заголовка: «Der geschlossne Handelstaat : ein philosophischer Entwurf als Anhang zur Rechtslehre, und Probe einer künftig zu liefernden Politik / von Johann Gottlieb Fichte». Издательство: "Библиотечный фонд" (1800)
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Infobox_Philosopher
region = Western Philosophy
era =
color = #B0C4DE
image_caption = Johann Gottlieb Fichte
name = Johann Gottlieb Fichte
birth =
death =
school_tradition =
main_interests =
influences =
influenced = Hegel, Schopenhauer, Schelling,
Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( Life and work Fichte was born in Fichte died of Fichte's philosophical writings In mimicking Kant's difficult style, Fichte produced works that were barely intelligible. "He made no hesitation in pluming himself on his great skill in the shadowy and obscure, by often remarking to his pupils, that 'there was only one man in the world who could fully understand his writings; and even he was often at a loss to seize upon his real meaning.' " [Robert Blakely, "History of the Philosophy of Mind", Vol. IV, p. 114, London: Longmans, 1850] This remark was often mistakenly attributed to Hegel. Fichte did not endorse Kant's argument for the existence of noumena, of "things in themselves", the supra-sensible reality beyond the categories of human Central Theory In his work "Foundations of Natural Right" (1796), Fichte argued that self-consciousness was a social phenomenon -- an important step and perhaps the first clear step taken in this direction by modern philosophy. A necessary condition of every subject's self-awareness, for Fichte, is the existence of other rational subjects. These others call or summon (Aufforderung) the subject or self out of its unconsciousness and into an awareness of itself as a free individual. Fichte's account proceeds from the general principle that the I must set itself up as an individual in order to set itself up at all, and that in order to set itself up as an individual it must recognize itself as it were to a calling or summons (Aufforderung) by other free individual(s) — called, moreover, to limit its own freedom out of respect for the freedom of the other. The same condition applied and applies, of course, to the other(s) in its development. Hence, mutual recognition of rational individuals turns out to be a condition necessary for the individual 'I' in general. This argument for This idea is an elaboration and extension of his central philosophical work, "The Science of Knowledge" (aka 'Wissenschaftslehre'), where he showed that consciousness of the self depends upon resistance or a check by something that is understood as not part of the self yet is not immediately ascribable to a particular sensory perception. The I ('Das Ich') itself sets this situation up for itself (it posits itself). To 'set' (setzen) does not mean to 'create' the objects of consciousness. The principle in question simply states that the essence of an I lies in the assertion of ones own self-identity, i.e., that consciousness presupposes self-consciousness. Such immediate self-identify, however, cannot be understood as a psychological fact, nor as an act or accident of some previously existing substance or being. It is an action of the I, but one that is identical with the very existence of this same I. In Fichte's technical terminology, the original unity of self-consciousness is to be understood as both an action and as the product of the same I, as a fact and/or act (Tathandlung), a unity that is presupposed by and contained within every fact and every act of empirical consciousness, though it never appears as such therein. The 'I' must set (setzen) itself in order to be an 'I' at all; but it can set itself only insofar as it sets itself up as limited. Moreover, it cannot even set for itself its own limitations, in the sense of producing or creating these limits. The finite I cannot be the ground of its own passivity. Instead, for Fichte, if the 'I' is to set itself off at all, it must simply discover itself to be limited, a discovery that Fichte characterizes as a repulse or resistance (Anstoss) to the free practical activity of the I. Such an original limitation of the I is, however, a limit for the I only insofar as the I sets it out as a limit. The I does this, according to Fichte's analysis, by setting its own limitation, first, as only a feeling, then as a sensation, then as an intuition of a thing, and finally as a summons of another person. The Anstoss thus provides the essential impetus that first sets in motion the entire complex train of activities that finally result in our conscious experience both of ourselves and others as empirical individuals and of the world around us. Though Anstoss (spelled Anstoß in German) plays a similar role as the Though the Wissenschaftslehre demonstrates that such an Anstoss must occur if self-consciousness is to come about, it is quite unable to deduce or to explain the actual occurrence of such an Anstoss — except as a condition for the possibility of consciousness. Accordingly, there are strict limits to what can be expected from any a priori deduction of experience, and this limitation, for Fichte, equally applies to Kant's transcendental philosophy. According to Fichte, transcendental philosophy can explain that the world must have space, time, and causality, but it can never explain why objects have the particular sensible properties they happen to have or why I am this determinate individual rather than another. This is something that the I simply has to discover at the same time that it discovers its own freedom, and indeed, as a condition for the latter. Other works Fichte also developed a theory of the state based on the idea of self-sufficiency. In his mind, the state should control international relations, the value of money, and remain an Because of this necessity to have relations with other rational beings in order to achieve consciousness, Fichte writes that there must be a 'relation of right,' in which there is a mutual recognition of rationality by both parties. In an earlier work from 1793 dealing with the ideals and politics of the French Revolution: "Beiträge zur Berichtigung der Urteile des Publikums über die Französische Revolution" (Contributions to the Correction of the Public's Judgment concerning the French Revolution), he called Jews a "state within a state" that could "undermine" the German nation (GA I/1: pp. 292-293). In regard to Jews getting "civil rights", he wrote that this would only be possible if one managed "to cut off all their heads in one night, and to set new ones on their shoulders, which should contain not a single Jewish idea." (ibid.) Fichte was used by nationalist circles before and during the First World War to enhance national sentiments. Final Period in Berlin Some of Fichte's most well-known works are from the last decade of his life, where he gave lecture courses in Berlin to the public at large on a wide variety of topics. These include two works from 1806: "The Characteristics of the Present Age", where Fichte outlines his theory of different historical and cultural epochs, and a semi-mystical work: "The Way Towards the Blessed Life; or, the Doctrine of Religion", which contains his most extensive thoughts on religion. And in 1808 he gave a series of speeches in French-occupied Berlin, "Addresses to the German Nation", which was to become his most controversial work for its German chauvinism. In 1810, in part because educational themes in "Addresses...", although the University itself was designed along lines put forward by Fichte also continued to give private and university lectures on further versions of his "Wissenschaftslehre". However, apart from a brief work of barely 15 pages from 1810: "The Science of Knowledge in its General Outline", Fichte did not publish any of these lecture courses. A small selection was published thirty years after Fichte's death by his son, but the vast majority has only recently been made available in the last decades of the twentieth century, in the "Gesamtausgabe". These writings include substantially reworked versions of the "Wissenschaftslehre" from the years 1810, 1811 and 1813, as well as a "Doctrine of Right" (1812), a "Doctrine of Ethics" (1812). Collected Works in German The new standard edition of Fichte's works in German, which supersedes all previous editions, is the "Gesamtausgabe" (Collected Works or Complete Edition, commonly abbreviated as 'GA'), prepared by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences: "Gesamtausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften" approx. 40 volumes. Edited by Reinhard Lauth, Erich Fuchs, Hans Gliwitzky, Ives Radrizzani, Günter Zöller, et al., Stuttgart- Bad Cannstatt 1962 ff. (to be completed in 2010). It is organized into four parts.Part I: Published WorksPart II: Unpublished WritingsPart III: CorrespondencePart IV: Lecture Transcripts. Works in English * " econdary Sources *Arash Abizadeh. [http://www.profs-polisci.mcgill.ca/abizadeh/Fichte.htm "Was Fichte an Ethnic Nationalist?"] "History of Political Thought" 26.2 (2005): 334-359. References External links * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/fichte.htm Outlines of the Doctrine of Knowledge] Works online * "Addresses to the German Nation" (1922). (Trs. R.F. Jones and G.H. Turnbull.) [http://www.archive.org/details/addressestothege00fichuoft IA (UToronto)] Persondata Источник: Johann Gottlieb Fichte
* "Early Philosophical Writings" Trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988. (Contains Selections from Fichte's Writings and Correspondence from the Jena period, 1794-1799).
*"Foundations of the Entire Science of Knowledge" (1794/95, 2nd ed. 1802). Translation of: "Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre", Fichte's first major exposition of the "Wissenschaftlehre". In: "The Science of Knowledge", trans. and ed. Peter Heath and John Lachs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
* "Foundations of Natural Right". Trans. Michael Baur. Ed. Frederick Neuhouser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. (Translation of "Grundlage des Naturrechts" 1796/97).
* "Foundations of Transcendental Philosophy (Wissenschaftslehre) nova methodo" (1798/99). Trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
* "The System of Ethics according to the Principles of the Wissenschaftslehre" (1798). Ed. and trans. Daniel Breazeale and Günter Zöller. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
*"Introductions to the Wissenschaftslehre and Other Writings". Trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale. Indianapolis, and Cambridge: Hackett, 1994. (Contains mostly writings from the late Jena period, 1797-1799).
*"The Vocation of Man ". Trans. Peter Preuss. Indianapolis. (Translation of "Die Bestimmung des Menschen" (1800).
*"A Crystal Clear Report to the General Public Concerning the Actual Essence of the Newest Philosophy: An Attempt to Force the Reader to Understand." Trans. John Botterman and William Rash. In: "Philosophy of German Idealism", pp. 39-115. (Translation of "Sonnenklarer Bericht an das grössere Publikum über das Wesen der neuesten Philosophie", 1801).
*"The Science of Knowing: J. G. Fichte's 1804 Lectures on the Wissenschaftslehre". Ed. and trans. Walter W. Wright. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 2005.
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*"Addresses to the German Nation" (1808), ed. and trans. Gregory Moore. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
*Daniel Breazeale. "Fichte's 'Aenesidemus' Review and the Transformation of German Idealism" "The Review of Metaphysics" 34 (1980/1) 545-68.
*Daniel Breazeale and Thomas Rockmore (eds) "Fichte: Historical Contexts/Contemporary Controversies". Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1997.
*Franks, Paul, "All or Nothing: Systematicity, Transcendental Arguments, and Skepticism in German Idealism", Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005
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*T. P. Hohler. "Imagination and Reflection: Intersubjectivity. Fichte's 'Grundlage' of 1794." The Hague: Nijhoff, 1982.
*Wayne Martin. "Idealism and Objectivity: Understanding Fichte's Jena Project." Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
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*Robert R Williams. "Recognition: Fichte and Hegel on the Other". Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
*Gunther Zoller. "Fichte's Transcendental Philosophy: The Original Duplicity of Intelligence and Will". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
*Rainer Schafer. "Johann Gottlieb Fichtes >Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre< von 1794." Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006.
*Ulrich Schwabe. "Indivdiuelles und Transindividuelles Ich. Die Selbstindividuation reiner Subjektivität und Fichtes "Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo"." Paderborn 2007.
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* [http://www.phil.upenn.edu/~cubowman/fichte/ The North American Fichte Society]
* [http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Fichte,+Johann+Gottlieb Works by Fichte, original German texts]
* [http://www.fichte-gesellschaft.de/ Internationale Johann-Gottlieb-Fichte-Gesellschaft]
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* "The Destination of Man" (1846). (Tr. Mrs. Percy Sinnett.) [http://www.archive.org/details/thedestinationof00fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
* (French) "Doctrine de la science" (Paris, 1843). [http://books.google.com/books?id=0i8RAAAAYAAJ Google (Harvard)] [http://books.google.com/books?id=MMIIAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford)] [http://books.google.com/books?id=XRhIAAAAMAAJ Google (UMich)]
* "Johann Gottlieb Fichte’s Popular Works" (1873). (Tr. William Smith.) [http://www.archive.org/details/johanngottlieb00fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
* "New Exposition of the Science of Knowledge" (1869). (Tr. A.E. Kroeger.) [http://books.google.com/books?id=7C8RAAAAYAAJ Google (Harvard)] [http://books.google.com/books?id=qfQNAAAAYAAJ Google (NYPL)] [http://www.archive.org/details/newexposition00fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
* "On the Nature of the Scholar" (1845). (Tr. William Smith.) [http://www.archive.org/details/onthenatureofthe00fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
* "The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte" (1848-49). (Tr. William Smith.)
** Volume 1, 1848. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Q0EEAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford)] [http://www.archive.org/details/popularfichte01fichuoft IA (UToronto)] 4th ed., 1889. [http://www.archive.org/details/popularworksofjo01fich IA (UIllinois)] [http://www.archive.org/details/popularworks01fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
** Volume 2, 1849. [http://www.archive.org/details/thepopularworkso00fichuoft IA (UToronto)] 4th ed., 1889. [http://books.google.com/books?id=uGS4OxWk5UsC Google (Stanford)] [http://www.archive.org/details/popularworksofjo02fich IA (UIllinois)] [http://www.archive.org/details/popularworks02fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
* "The Science of Ethics as Based on the Science of Knowledge" (1897). (Tr. A.E. Kroeger.) [http://books.google.com/books?id=xJMZAAAAMAAJ Google (UMich)] [http://www.archive.org/details/scienceofethics00fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
* "The Science of Knowledge" (1889). (Tr. A.E. Kroeger.) [http://www.archive.org/details/thescienceofknow00fichuoft IA (UToronto)]
* "The Science of Rights" (1889). (Tr. A.E. Kroeger.) [http://www.archive.org/details/scienceofrights00fichiala IA (UCal)]
* (German) "Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung" (Königsberg, 1792). 2nd ed., 1793. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64806f Gallica] [http://books.google.com/books?id=r78IAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford)] [http://books.google.com/books?id=acIFAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford-Taylor)]
* "The Vocation of Man" (1848). (Tr. William Smith.) [http://books.google.com/books?id=qCUEAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford)] 1910. [http://books.google.com/books?id=J2o_AAAAIAAJ Google (UCal)]
* "The Vocation of the Scholar" (1847). (Tr. William Smith.) [http://www.archive.org/details/vocationofschola00fich IA (UCal)]
* "The Way Towards the Blessed Life" (1849). (Tr. William Smith.) [http://books.google.com/books?id=s08EAAAAQAAJ Google (Oxford)]
NAME=Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=German philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH=1762-5-19
PLACE OF BIRTH=
DATE OF DEATH=1814-1-27
PLACE OF DEATH=
См. также в других словарях:
Johann Gottlieb Fichte — (* 19. Mai 1762 in Rammenau bei Bischofswerda; † 29. Januar 1814 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Erzieher und Philosoph. Er gilt neben Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling und Georg Wilhe … Deutsch Wikipedia
Johann Gottlieb Fichte — Philosophe allemand XIXe siècle Naissance 19 … Wikipédia en Français
Johann Gottlieb Fichte — Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Litografía por Gareis y Dähling. Johann Gottlieb Fichte (Rammenau, 19 de mayo de 1762 – Berlín, 27 de enero de 1814) fue un filósofo alemán de gran importancia en la historia del pensamiento occidental. Como continuador de … Wikipedia Español
Johann Gottlieb Fichte — Infobox Philosopher region = Western Philosophy era = 18th century philosophy color = #B0C4DE image caption = Johann Gottlieb Fichte name = Johann Gottlieb Fichte birth = 19 May, 1762 (Rammenau, Saxony, Germany) death = 27 January, 1814 (Berlin,… … Wikipedia
Johann Gottlieb Fichte — n. Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 1814), German philosopher … English contemporary dictionary
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb — born May 19, 1762, Rammenau, Upper Lusatia, Saxony died Jan. 27, 1814, Berlin German philosopher and patriot. Fichte s Science of Knowledge (1794), a reaction to the critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant and especially to Kant s Critique of… … Universalium