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Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ( Biography He was born at After a short time, he gave up his commercial career, and in 1770 became a member of the council for the duchies of Jülich and Berg, in which capacity he distinguished himself by his ability in financial affairs, and his zeal in social reform. Jacobi kept up his interest in literary and philosophic matters by an extensive correspondence, and his mansion at Pempelfort, near Düsseldorf, was the centre of a distinguished literary circle. With Here too appeared in part the first of his philosophic works, "Edward Allwill's Briefsammlung" (1776), a combination of romance and speculation. This was followed in 1779 by "Woldemar", a philosophic novel, of very imperfect structure, but full of genial ideas, and giving the most complete picture of Jacobi's method of philosophizing. In 1779, he visited Pantheism controversy A conversation which he had held with Jacobi was ridiculed for trying to reintroduce into philosophy the antiquated notion of unreasoning belief, was denounced as an enemy of reason, as a pietist, and as a Jesuit in disguise, and was especially attacked for his use of the ambiguous term "belief". His next important work, "David Hume Über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus" (1787), was an attempt to show not only that the term "Glaube" had been used by the most eminent writers to denote what he had employed it for in the "Letters on Spinoza", but that the nature of the cognition of facts as opposed to the construction of inferences could not be otherwise expressed. In this writing, and especially in the Appendix, Jacobi came into contact with the critical philosophy, and subjected the Kantian view of knowledge to searching examination. Later life The outbreak of the war with the French republic induced Jacobi in 1793 to leave During the same period the excitement caused by the accusation of Soon after his return to Germany, Jacobi received a call to Munich in connection with the new academy of sciences just founded there. The loss of a considerable portion of his fortune induced him to accept this offer; he settled in Munich in 1804, and in 1807 became president of the academy. In 1811 appeared his last philosophic work, directed against In 1812 Jacobi retired from the office of president, and began to prepare a collected edition of his works. He died before this was completed. The edition of his writings was continued by his friend F Koppen, and was completed in 1825. The works fill six volumes, of which the fourth is in three parts. To the second is prefixed an introduction by Jacobi, which is at the same time an introduction to his philosophy. The fourth volume has also an important preface. Thought Jacobi's philosophy is essentially un The principle of reason and consequent, the necessity of thinking each given fact of perception as conditioned, impels understanding towards an endless series of identical propositions, the records of successive comparisons and abstractions. The province of the understanding is therefore strictly the region of the conditioned; to it the world must present itself as a mechanism. If, then, there is objective truth at all, the existence of real facts must be made known to us otherwise than through the logical faculty of thought; and, as the regress from conclusion to premises must depend upon something not itself capable of logical grounding, mediate thought implies the consciousness of immediate truth. Philosophy therefore must resign the hopeless ideal of a systematic (i.e. intelligible) explanation of things, and must content itself with the examination of the facts of consciousness. It is a mere prejudice of philosophic thinkers, a prejudice which has descended from As Jacobi starts with the doctrine that thought is partial and limited, applicable only to connect facts, but incapable of explaining their existence, it is evident that for him any demonstrative system of metaphysic which should attempt to subject all existence to the principle of logical ground must be repulsive. Now in modern philosophy the first and greatest demonstrative system of metaphysic is that of Spinoza, and it lay in the nature of things that upon Spinoza's system Jacobi should first direct his criticism. A summary of the results of his examination is thus presented ("Werke", i. 216-223): Of these propositions only the first and fourth require further notice. Jacobi, accepting the law of reason and consequent as the fundamental rule of demonstrative reasoning, and as the rule explicitly followed by Spinoza, points out that, if we proceed by applying this principle so as to recede from particular and qualified facts to the more general and abstract conditions, we land ourselves, not in the notion of an active, intelligent creator of the system of things, but in the notion of an all-comprehensive, indeterminate Nature, devoid of will or intelligence. Our unconditioned is either a pure abstraction, or else the impossible notion of a completed system of conditions. In either case the result is Moreover, the same method inevitably lands in It is impossible that there should be a God, for if so he would of necessity be finite. But a finite God, a God that is known, is no God. It is impossible that there should be liberty, for if so the mechanical order of phenomena, by means of which they are comprehensible, would be disturbed, and we should have an unintelligible world, coupled with the requirement that it shall be understood. Cognition, then, in the strict sense, occupies the middle place between sense perception, which is belief in matters of sense, and reason, which is belief in supersensuous fact. Works *Early essays in " External links * Citations
Источник: Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
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#the Kabbalistic philosophy, insofar as it is philosophy, is nothing but undeveloped or confused Spinozism;
#the philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff is not less fatalistic than that of Spinoza, and carries a resolute thinker to the very principles of Spinoza;
#every demonstrative method ends in
#we can demonstrate only similarities (agreements, truths conditionally necessary), proceeding always in identical propositions; every proof presupposes something already proved, the principle of which is immediately given ("Offenbarung",
#the keystone ("Element") of all human knowledge and activity is belief ("Glaube," or "
*"Edward Allwill’s Briefsammlung" (1781).
*"Etwas das Lessing gesagt hat" (1782). [http://books.google.com/books?id=RQoLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA527,M1 "Werke", vol. 2, pp. 325-388] .
*"Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza" (1785). 2nd edition, 1789. [http://books.google.com/books?id=TFkNAAAAYAAJ NYPL] .
*"Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi wider Mendelssohns Beschuldigungen" (1786). [http://books.google.com/books?id=yFkHAAAAQAAJ Oxford] .
*"David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus" (1787). [http://books.google.com/books?id=OF0OAAAAQAAJ University of Lausanne] .
*"Woldemar" (1794). 2 volumes. [http://books.google.com/books?id=3GEHAAAAQAAJ Oxford] . 2nd edition, 1796. [http://books.google.com/books?id=118qAAAAMAAJ NYPL] .
*"Jacobi an Fichte" (1799). [http://books.google.com/books?id=7VWn5iFDyRUC University of Michigan] .
*"Ueber das Unternehmen des Kriticismus" (1801). [http://books.google.com/books?id=MRELAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA59,M1 "Werke", vol. 3, pp. 59-195] .
*"Ueber Gelehrte Gesellschaften, ihren Geist und Zweck" (1807). [http://books.google.com/books?id=BoUAAAAAYAAJ Harvard] .
*"Von den göttlichen Dingen und ihrer Offenbarung" (1811). [http://books.google.com/books?id=8KY-AAAAIAAJ University of California] .
*"Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi's Werke" (1812-1825).
**Volume 1, 1812. [http://books.google.com/books?id=VAwLAAAAYAAJ Harvard] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=w4oOAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=5iPt-x2xezoC University of Michigan] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=4s9aIl68CtYC University of Michigan (Morris)] .
**Volume 2, 1815. [http://books.google.com/books?id=RQoLAAAAYAAJ Harvard] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=DowOAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=L5lF7Dlh4wsC University of Michigan] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=41eCMq3durAC University of Michigan (Morris)] .
**Volume 3, 1816. [http://books.google.com/books?id=MRELAAAAYAAJ Harvard] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=5osOAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=pwqXub5ab2IC University of Michigan] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=ki-mwlHo_ZMC University of Michigan (Morris)] .
**Volume 4, 1819. [http://books.google.com/books?id=0BELAAAAYAAJ Harvard] . Parts 1 & 2: [http://books.google.com/books?id=nDUCAAAAQAAJ Oxford] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=R2Ru-BeE6JAC University of Michigan (Morris)] .
***Part 1. [http://books.google.com/books?id=SYgOAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=TUQKi4OqJMQC University of Michigan] .
***Part 2. [http://books.google.com/books?id=j4gOAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=eLehRORnP1UC University of Michigan] .
***Part 3. [http://books.google.com/books?id=nI0OAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=NgClCryuB4wC University of Michigan (Morris)] .
**Volume 5, 1820. [http://books.google.com/books?id=ugkLAAAAYAAJ Harvard] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=X40OAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=yUPykOdJWRAC University of Michigan] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=BPsCAEBmgAAC University of Michigan (Morris)] .
**Volume 6, 1825. [http://books.google.com/books?id=PO4OAAAAIAAJ NYPL] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=lJmyNY4AHC8C University of Michigan (Morris)] .
*"Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi's auserlesener Briefwechsel" (1825-27). 2 volumes.
**Volume 1, 1825. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fHcRAAAAYAAJ Harvard] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=GRpLAAAAMAAJ University of Michigan] .
**Volume 2, 1827. [http://books.google.com/books?id=D3gRAAAAYAAJ Harvard] ; [http://books.google.com/books?id=Di5LAAAAMAAJ University of Michigan] .
* Biography in "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie" [http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb013/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0130579) Vol. 13, pp. 577–584] by Carl von Prantl. (German)
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Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi — (25 January, 1743 10 March, 1819), was a German philosopher notable for coining the term nihilism and promoting it as the prime fault of Enlightenment thought and Kantianism.sep entry|friedrich jacobi] Instead of speculative reason, he advocated… … Wikipedia
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Фридрих Якоби — Фридрих Генрих Якоби (портрет) Фридрих Генрих Якоби (нем. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi; 25 января 1743, Дюссельдорф 10 марта 1819, Мюнхен) немецкий философ. Был членом, потом президентом баварской академии наук. Знакомство с Виландом и Гете в 1771… … Википедия