Книга: Wilkie Collins «The Woman in White»

Wilkie Collins

William Wilkie Collins (8 January 1824 – 23 September 1889) was an English novelist, playwright, and author of short stories. He was very popular during the Victorian era and wrote 30 novels, more than 60 short stories, 14 plays, and over 100 non-fiction pieces. His best-known works are The Woman in White, The Moonstone, Armadale and No Name.

Collins predicted the deterrence concept of mutually assured destruction that defined the Cold War nuclear era. Writing at the time of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 he stated, "I begin to believe in only one civilising influence – the discovery one of these days of a destructive agent so terrible that War shall mean annihilation and men's fears will force them to keep the peace."^{[not verified in body]}

Life

Collins was born in London, the son of a well-known Royal Academician landscape artist, William Collins. Named after his father, he swiftly became known by his second name (which honoured his godfather, David Wilkie). From the ages of 12 to 15^[1] he lived with his parents in Italy, which made a great impression on him. At age 17 he left school and was apprenticed as a clerk to a firm of tea merchants, but after five unhappy years, during which he wrote his first novel, Iolani, he entered Lincoln's Inn to study law. Iolani remained unpublished for over 150 years until 1999. After his father's death in 1847, Collins produced his first published book, Memoirs of the Life of William Collins, Esq., R.A. (1848), and also considered a career in painting, exhibiting a picture at the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 1849, but it was with the release of his first published novel, Antonina, in 1850 that his career as a writer began in earnest.

An instrumental event in Collins's career occurred in March 1851,^[1] when he was introduced to Charles Dickens by a mutual friend, Augustus Egg. They became lifelong friends and collaborators. Collins became an editor of Dickens's Household Words, several of Collins's novels were serialised in Dickens's weekly publication All the Year Round, and Dickens later edited and published them himself. Collins's younger brother Charles Allston Collins married Dickens's younger daughter, Kate. Collins also advised Dickens's sister-in-law, Georgina Hogarth, when she was editing The Letters of Charles Dickens from 1833 to 1870 (published in 1880) with Dickens's daughter Mary Angela Dickens.

Grave in Kensal Green Cemetery

Collins suffered from a form of arthritis known as "rheumatic gout" and became severely addicted to the opium he took (in the form of laudanum) to relieve the pain. As a result, he experienced paranoid delusions, including a conviction that he was constantly accompanied by a subjective doppelgänger he dubbed 'Ghost Wilkie'. His novel The Moonstone prominently features the effects of opium and opium addiction.

Collins never married, but from 1858 lived on and off with a widow, Mrs. Caroline Graves, and her daughter, Elizabeth (whom Collins called "Carrie".^[1]) He also fathered three children by another woman, Martha Rudd (Marian on 4 July 1869, Harriet on 14 May 1871 and William Charles on 25 December 1874^[1]). Collins met Martha Rudd, a 19-year-old when he visited Yarmouth in 1864. She moved to London in 1867 or 1868 before Caroline Graves issued her ultimatum, either Wilkie married her or she would leave him to marry Joseph Charles Clow. Caroline and Joseph were married on 29 October 1868, in the parish church of St. Marylebone.^[2] Mrs. Graves returned to Collins after two years, and he continued both relationships until his death in 1889.

He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, West London. His grave marker describes him as the author of The Woman in White.^[3]

Works

Collins's works were classified at the time as 'sensation novels', a genre seen nowadays as the precursor to detective and suspense fiction. He also wrote penetratingly on the plight of women and on the social and domestic issues of his time. For example, his 1854 Hide and Seek contained one of the first portrayals of a deaf character in English literature. As did many writers of his time, Collins published most of his novels as serials in magazines such as Dickens's All the Year Round and was known as a master of the form, creating just the right degree of suspense to keep his audience reading from week to week. Sales of All The Year Round increased when The Woman in White followed A Tale of Two Cities.

Collins enjoyed ten years of great success following publication of The Woman in White in 1859. His next novel, No Name combined social commentary – the absurdity of the law as it applied to children of unmarried parents (see Illegitimacy in fiction) – with a densely plotted revenge thriller. Armadale, the first and only of Collins's major novels of the 1860s to be serialised in a magazine other than All the Year Round, provoked strong criticism, generally centred upon its transgressive villainess Lydia Gwilt; and provoked in part by Collins's typically confrontational preface. The novel was simultaneously a financial coup for its author and a comparative commercial failure: the sum paid by Cornhill for the serialisation rights was exceptional, eclipsing by a substantial margin the prices paid for the vast majority of similar novels, yet the novel failed to recoup its publisher's investment. The Moonstone, published in 1868, and the last novel of what is generally regarded as the most successful decade of its author's career, was, despite a somewhat cool reception from both Dickens and the critics, a significant return to form and reestablished the market value of an author whose success in the competitive Victorian literary marketplace had been gradually waning in the wake of his first "masterpiece". Viewed by many to represent the advent of the detective story within the tradition of the English novel, The Moonstone remains one of Collins's most critically acclaimed productions, identified by T. S. Eliot as "the first, the longest, and the best of modern English detective novels...in a genre invented by Collins and not by Poe",^[4] and Dorothy L. Sayers referred to it as "probably the very finest detective story ever written".^[5]

Various factors (most often cited are the death of Dickens in 1870 and thus the loss of his literary mentoring; Collins's increased dependence upon laudanum; and a somewhat ill-advised penchant for using his fiction to rail against social injustices) appear to have led to a decline in the two decades following the success of his sensation novels of the 1860s. His novels and novellas of the 1870s and 1880s, whilst by no means entirely devoid of merit or literary interest, are generally regarded as inferior to his previous productions and receive comparatively little critical attention today.

The Woman in White and The Moonstone share an unusual narrative structure, somewhat resembling an epistolary novel, in which different portions of the book have different narrators, each with a distinct narrative voice (Armadale has this to a lesser extent through the correspondence between some characters). The Moonstone, being the most popular of Collins's novels, is considered a precursor to detective fiction, such as Sherlock Holmes.

After The Moonstone, Collins's novels contained fewer thriller elements and more social commentary. The subject matter continued to be sensational but his popularity declined. Algernon Charles Swinburne commented: "What brought good Wilkie's genius nigh perdition? Some demon whispered – 'Wilkie! have a mission.'^[6]

Bibliography

Portrait by John Everett Millais.

See also:Category:Novels by Wilkie Collins and Category:Plays by Wilkie Collins

• Iolani, or Tahiti as it was. A Romance (written 1844; published 1999)
• Memoirs of the Life of William Collins, Esq., R.A. (1848)
• Antonina (1850)
• Rambles Beyond Railways, or, Notes in Cornwall taken a-foot (with illustrations by Henry C. Brandling; 1851)
  • -do.--London: Westaway Books, 1948 (with an introd. by Ashley Rowe); London: A. Mott (with an introduction by J. C. Trewin; 1982)
• Basil (1852)
• Mr Wray's Cash Box (1852)
• Hide and Seek (1854)
• The Ostler (1855)
• After the Dark (1856)
• The Dead Secret (1857)
• A Rogue's Life (1857/1879)
• The Frozen Deep (1857), a play co-written with Charles Dickens
• A Terribly Strange Bed (1858)
• A House to Let (1858), a short story co-written with Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell and Adelaide Anne Procter
• The Haunted House a short story co-written with Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, Adelaide Proctor, George Sala and Hesba Stretton
• The Queen of Hearts (1859)
• The Woman in White (1860)
• No Name (1862)
• My Miscellanies (1863)
• Armadale (1866)
• No Thoroughfare (1867), a story and play co-written with Charles Dickens
• The Moonstone (1868)
• Man and Wife (1870)
• Poor Miss Finch (1872), dedicated to Frances Minto Elliot
• Miss or Mrs? (1873)
• The New Magdalen (1873)
• The Frozen Deep and Other Stories (1874)
  • "The Frozen Deep"
  • "Dream Woman"
  • "John Jago's Ghost; or The Dead Alive"
• The Law and the Lady (1875)
• The Two Destinies (1876)
• The Haunted Hotel (1878)
• The Fallen Leaves (1879)
• My Lady's Money (1879)
• Jezebel's Daughter (1880)
• Who Killed Zebedee (1881)
• The Black Robe (1881)
• Heart and Science (1883)
• I Say No (1884)
• The Ghost's Touch and Other Stories (1885)
• The Evil Genius (1886)
• The Guilty River (1886)
• Little Novels (1887)
• The Legacy of Cain (1889)
• Blind Love (1889 – unfinished, completed by Walter Besant)

Films based on his novels

Portrait by Rudolph Lehmann.

• Basil (UK 1998)
• The Woman in White (UK 1997)
• The Moonstone (UK 1996)
• Zhenshchina v belom (The Woman In White, Russia 1982)
• The Woman in White (UK, TV, 5 episodes, 1982)
• La donna in bianco (Italy, TV, 1980)
• Lucilla (Poor Miss Finch, Germany, 1979, 2 episodes, directed by Wilhelm Semmelroth)
• Der Monddiamant (The Moonstone, Germany 1974, 2 episodes, directed by Wilhelm Semmelroth)
• Great Mysteries (1 Episode: A Terribly Strange Bed, USA 1973)
• Der rote Schal (Armadale, 3 episodes, directed by Wilhelm Semmelroth)
• La pietra di luna (The Moonstone, Italy 1972)
• The Moonstone (UK, 5 episodes, 1972)
• Die Frau in Weiß (The Woman in White, 3 episodes, Germany 1971, directed by Wilhelm Semmelroth)
• The Policeman and the Cook (USA 1970)
• La femme en blanc (The Woman in White, France 1970)
• La dama vestida de blanco (The Woman in White, Spain 1967)
• The Woman in White (UK, 6 episodes, 1966)
• A Terribly Strange Bed (USA 1991)
• Dow Hour of Great Mysteries: The Woman in White (USA 1960)
• The Moonstone (UK, 7 episodes, 1959)
• Hour of Mystery: The Woman in White (UK 1957)
• Sergeant Cuff kann den Mondstein nicht finden (The Moonstone, Germany 1955)
• Suspense: The Moonstone (USA 1954)
• Tales Of Adventure: The Moonstone (USA 1952, 5 episodes)
• Robert Montgomery Presents: The Moonstone (USA 1952)
• Kvinna i vitt (The Woman in White, Sweden 1949)
• The Woman in White (USA 1948)
• Crimes at the Dark House (based on The Woman in White, USA 1940)
• The Moonstone (1934)
• The Woman in White (1929)
• She Loves and Lies (1920)
• The Twin Pawns (1919)
• The Woman in White (1917)
• Tangled Lives (1917)
• The Moonstone (1915)
• The Quest of the Sacred Jewel (1914)
• The New Magdalen (1914
• The Dream Woman (1914)
• The New Magdalen (1912)
• The Woman in White (1912)
• The New Magdalene (1910)

In popular culture

Wilkie Collins is the fictional narrator of the 2009 historical novel Drood by Dan Simmons. The book is based in part on Charles Dickens's The Mystery of Edwin Drood. He also appears as a fictional character in Wanting (novel), the 2008 historical novel by Richard Flanagan.

Actress Sarah Jessica Parker and husband Matthew Broderick named their son James Wilkie Broderick after Matthew's father and Collins.

There are Hidden Object Games based on the Moonstone and The Woman in White.

Blue plaques

On 22 January 2011 at 10.00 am, The Ramsgate Society unveiled a blue plaque at 14 Nelson Crescent, Ramsgate to celebrate the fact that Wilkie Collins took holidays in the town of which he made references in his books. The unveiling was accompanied by a local radio interview with Radio Kent and was attended by the chairman of the Wilkie Collins Society.

Notes

Further reading

• Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. pp. 81. 
• Olive Logan's account of Wilkie Collins, web40571.clarahost.co.uk

External links

• The Wilkie Collins Website
• Wilkie Collins Information Pages
• Works by Wilkie Collins at Project Gutenberg
• Wilkie Collins Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
• Archival material relating to Wilkie Collins listed at the UK National Register of Archives
• Anonymous (1873). Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 76–77. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/Wilkie_Collins. Retrieved 6 January 2011. 
• The Ramsgate Society Website