Книга: Richard Jefferies «Wild Life In A Southern County (1879)»
Серия: "-" Книга представляет собой репринтное издание 1879 года (издательство "London, Smith, Elder" ). Несмотря на то, что была проведена серьезная работа по восстановлению первоначального качества издания, на некоторых страницах могут обнаружиться небольшие" огрехи" :помарки, кляксы и т. п. Издательство: "Книга по Требованию" (1879)
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Richard Jefferies
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John Richard Jefferies (
Life and Works
Early life
John Richard Jefferies (he used the first name only during his childhood) [Thomas (1909), 29.] was born at Coate, in the parish of
Jefferies spent several of his earlier years, between the ages of four and nine, with his aunt and uncle, the Harrilds, in
In November 1864, at the age of sixteen, he and a cousin, James Cox, ran off to France, intending to walk to Russia. (Cox, slightly older than Jefferies, worked for the
, where he would lie on the grass, ecstatically feeling and seeking a connection with the natural world. [Thomas (1909), 20; 57-8; Rossabi (2004).] In September 1867 and July 1868 he was very ill. In retrospect the illnesses were clearly the first symptoms of the tuberculosis that would kill him. He emerged from them weakened and very thin — "My legs are as thin as a grasshopper's", he wrote to his aunt. Illness also prompted some reconsideration of his own character: he was going to be "not swell but stylish" in future, since people set so much store by appearance. [Besant (1905), 70-5; Thomas (1909), 61-3; Rossabi (2004).]
He was now actively pursuing a career as a writer, writing a history of the Goddards, a local family, and "Reporting, Editing, and Authorship: Practical Hints for Beginners in Literature" (1873), in which he shared the fruits of his brief experience as a local reporter. Meanwhile the novels he was writing could not find a publisher. [Thomas (1909), 74-8.] What national attention he attracted was instead from a series of letters to "
In 1874, the year of his first published novel, "The Scarlet Shawl", he married Jessie Baden (1853-1926), the daughter of a nearby farmer. After living for a few months at Coate Farm, the couple moved to a house in Swindon in 1875 (its current address is 93 Victoria Road); and their first child, Richard Harold Jefferies, was born there on 3 May. [Thomas (1909), 96; Rossabi (2004).]
First successes
Essays
While in Swindon, Jefferies had found it difficult to seek publication or employment with London publishers [Besant (1905), 83-5.] ; and early in 1877, with Jessie and their baby son Harold, he moved to a house at what is now 296 Ewell Road,
The Surbiton years were momentous. The couple's next child, a daughter called Jessie after her mother (but known by her second name, Phyllis), was born (on December 6, 1880), [Rossabi (2004).] and Jefferies began to make his name at last. His new surroundings defined him, both to himself and others, as a country writer. Articles drawing on Jefferies' Wiltshire experiences found a ready market in the "
The Bevis books
Two books of these years form a sequence. "Wood Magic: A Fable" (1881) introduces his child-hero, Bevis, a small child on a farm near a small lake, called the "Longpond", clearly Coate Farm and Coate Reservoir. Bevis's exploration of the garden and neighbouring fields brings him into contact with the country's birds and animals, who can speak to him, as can even inanimate parts of nature, such as the stream and the wind. Part of the book is a depiction of a small child's interaction with the natural world, but much is a cynical
Illness and death
Onset
In December 1881, Jefferies began to suffer from his until then undiagnosed tuberculosis, with an anal fistula. After a series of painful operations, he moved to West
Articles about the Surbiton area were reprinted in the popular "Nature Near London" (1883), although the last chapters of the book refer to
In Brighton, his third child, Richard Oliver Launcelot Jefferies, was born on July 18th, 1883. But his life was to be a short one. Jefferies moved to Eltham, then in
"After London"
Jefferies' next novel, "After London" (1885), can be seen as an early example of "post-apocalyptic fiction": after some sudden and unspecified catastrophe has depopulated England, the countryside reverts to nature, and the few survivors to a quasi-medieval way of life. The book has two parts. The first, "The Relapse into Barbarism", is the account by some later historian of the fall of civilisation and its consequences, with a loving description of nature reclaiming England: fields becoming overrun by forest, domesticated animals running wild, roads and towns becoming overgrown, the hated London reverting to lake and poisonous swampland. The second part, "Wild England", is largely a straightforward adventure set many years later in the wild landscape and society (here too Jefferies was setting an example for the genre); but the opening section, despite some improbabilities, has been much admired for its rigour and compelling narrative. Critics dissatisfied with the second part make an exception of chapters 22-4, which go beyond recreation of a medieval world to give a disturbing and surreal description of the site of the fallen city. [Thomas (1909), 256 " [The Relapse into Barbarism] reveals an unsuspected strength of remorseless logic and restraint"; Fowles (1980), xviii-xix; Miller and Matthews (1993), 440.]
Jefferies interest in catastrophes predates "After London": two short unpublished pieces from the 1870s describe social collapse after London is paralysed by freak winter conditions. In the better achieved of these, the narrator is a future historian piecing the story together from surviving accounts. [Fowles (1980), x (the fragment, called "The Great Snow" by Looker, is given in an appendix to the same edition, 243-8); Miller and Matthews (1993), 432-3.] The fantasy of the second part also has a predecessor in a short work, "The Rise of Maximin, Emperor of the Occident", serialised in "
Although the society that Jefferies depicts after the fall of London is an unpleasant one, with oppressive petty tyrants at war with each other, and insecurity and injustice for the poor, it still served as an inspiration for
Final Years
After Eltham, Jefferies lived briefly in various parts of Sussex, first at
Illness and resulting lower productivity had impoverished Jefferies; and the editor Charles Longman suggested an application to the
After his death, a number of posthumous collections were made of his writings previously published in newspapers and magazines, beginning with "Field and Hedgerow" (1889), edited by his widow. New collections have appeared over the century following his birth, but even now not all have been reprinted in book form.
In the days of his health, a tall, stooped, bearded figure trekking across country with his notebook in hand, Jefferies had been the very epitome of an English nature-loving eccentric. He continues to alert a dedicated band of readers to the small, unnoticed wonders that lie about us in our daily lives: "You do not know what you may find each day; perhaps you may only pick up a fallen feather, but it is beautiful, every filament. Always beautiful!".
Influence and reputation
Early works included three by
*"Richard Jefferies: A Study" (1894)
*"Richard Jefferies: His Life and His Ideas" (1905)
*"The Faith of Richard Jefferies" (1906)
Jefferies' works inspired
*"RICHARD JEFFERIES : Selections of his Work with details of his Life and Circumstances, his Death and Immortality" (1947)
Other writers who admired Jefferies included
The Richard Jefferies Bird Sanctuary in Surbiton commemorates him. [ [http://www.london.gov.uk/wildweb/PublicSiteViewFull.do?pictureno=1&siteid=6892 'The Woods' and Richard Jefferies Bird Sanctuary] ]
Published books by Jefferies
The following list is necessarily selective. Much of Jefferies' writing was not published in book form in his lifetime. Many works surviving in manuscript or only published in journals have been published piecemeal by various editors since his death. Since his contributions to journals were generally anonymous, identification is often a problem. For a fuller survey, see Miller and Matthews (1993).
Books published in Jefferies' lifetime
*"The Scarlet Shawl" (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1874)
*"Restless Human Hearts" (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1875)
*"World's End" (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1877)
*"The Gamekeeper at Home" (London:
*"Wild Life in a Southern County" (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1879)
*"The Amateur Poacher" (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1879)
*"Greene Ferne Farm" (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1880)
*"Hodge and His Masters" (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1880)
*"Round About a Great Estate" (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1880)
*"Wood Magic" (London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., 1881)
*"Bevis: the Story of a Boy" (London:
*"Nature Near London" (London: Chatto & Windus, 1883)
*"
*"Red Deer" (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1884)
*"The Life of the Fields" (London: Chatto & Windus, 1884)
*"The Dewy Morn" (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1884)
*"After London; Or, Wild England" (London: Cassell & Company, Ltd., 1885)
*"The Open Air" (London: Chatto & Windus, 1885)
*"Amaryllis at the Fair" (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1887)
Posthumous publications
Only the first of these (produced by his widow) was planned by Jefferies.
*"Field and Hedgerow; Being the Last Essays of Richard Jefferies" (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1889)
*"The Toilers in the Field" (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1892)
*"The Early Fiction of Richard Jefferies", ed. G. Toplis (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co Ltd., 1896), somewhat bowdlerised [Miller and Matthews (1993), 569.]
*"Jefferies' Land: A History of Swindon and its Environs", ed. G. Toplis (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co Ltd., 1896)
*"The Hills and the Vale", collected and introduced by E. Thomas (London: Duckworth & Co, 1909)
econdary literature
*W. Besant, "The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies" (London: Chatto and Windus, 1888, fourth impression 1905)
*J. Fowles, "Introduction", in R. Jefferies, "After London" (Oxford: OUP, 1980), vii-xxi. ISBN 0192812661
*W.J. Keith, "Richard Jefferies, A Critical Study" (London: University of Toronto Press, 1965)
*Q.D. Leavis, "Lives and works of Richard Jefferies", "Scrutiny" 6 (1938) 435-46, reprinted in "Collected Essays" Vol. 3 (Cambridge: CUP, 1989), 254-64. ISBN 052126703X
*S.J. Looker and C. Porteous, "Richard Jefferies, Man of the Fields" (London: John Baker, 1965)
*G. Miller and H. Matthews, "Richard Jefferies, A bibliographical study" (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1993). ISBN 0859679187
*A. Rossabi, ‘(John) Richard Jefferies (1848-1887)’ "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (Oxford: OUP, 2004)
*B. Taylor, "Richard Jefferies" (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982) ISBN 0805768165
*E. Thomas, "Richard Jefferies: His Life and Work" (London: Hutchinson, 1909)
External links
*gutenberg author|id=Richard_Jefferies|name=Richard Jefferies
* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28Richard%20Jefferies%29 Works by Richard Jefferies] at
* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Richard%20Jefferies%22%29 Works about Richard Jefferies] at
* [http://www.bath.ac.uk/~lissmc/rjeffs.htm Richard Jefferies: his life and works]
* [http://richardjefferiessociety.blogspot.com Richard Jefferies Society]
* [http://www.swindon.gov.uk/heritage/richardjefferies.htm Richard Jefferies' House and Museum]
Footnotes
Источник: Richard Jefferies
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Richard Jefferies — Infobox Person name = PAGENAME image size = 150px caption = PAGENAME, aged 33 birth name = birth date = 6 November 1848 birth place = death date = 14 August 1887 death place = death cause = resting place = resting place coordinates = residence =… … Wikipedia