Электронная книга: Hans Berger «Automating with SIMATIC»

Automating with SIMATIC

Totally Integrated Automation is the concept by means of which SIMATIC controls machines, manufacturing systems and technical processes. Taking the example of the S7-300/400 programmable controller, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to the architecture and operation of a state-of-the-art automation system. It also gives an insight into configuration and parameter setting for the controller and the distributed I/O. Communication via network connections is explained, along with a description of the available scope for operator control and monitoring of a plant. As the central automation tool, STEP 7 manages all relevant tasks and offers a choice of various text and graphics-oriented PLC programming languages. The available languages and their respective different features are explained to the reader. The fourth edition describes the latest components and functions. The STEP 7 basic software is explained in its latest version. New functions for Profinet IO and the open communication over Industrial Ethernet have been added. The book is ideal for those who have no extensive prior knowledge of programmable controllers and wish for an uncomplicated introduction to this subject.

Издательство: "John Wiley&Sons Limited"

ISBN: 9783895786457

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Hans Berger

Infobox Scientist
name = Hans Berger
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image_width =150px
caption = Hans Berger
birth_date = May 21, 1873
birth_place = Neuses
death_date = June 1, 1941
death_place =
residence =
citizenship =
nationality = Germany
ethnicity =
field =
work_institutions =
alma_mater = University of Jena
doctoral_advisor =
doctoral_students =
known_for = electroencephalograms
author_abbrev_bot =
author_abbrev_zoo =
influences =
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footnotes =

Hans Berger (May 21, 1873June 1, 1941) was born in Neuses near Coburg, Thuringia, Germany. He is known as the first to record electroencephalograms from human subjects and is the discoverer of the rhythmic Alpha brain waves.

Background

Berger originally had intended to study astronomy. While he was serving in the German army in the early 1890s, his horse slipped down an embankment, nearly seriously injuring Berger. His sister many miles away had a feeling he was in danger and got her father to telegram him. This astonished him so much that he switched to study psychology Harv|Blakemore|1977.

He studied medicine at the University of Jena, receiving his doctorate in 1897. In 1900 he was hired as an assistant to Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852-1929), chairman of the University's psychiatry and neurology clinic. There, he joined two famous scientists and physicians, Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) and Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) in their research on lateralization of brain function. He became a professor in 1906 and succeeded Binswanger in 1919. He later served as Rector at the University of Jena (1927-1928) and eventually became Professor Emeritus in Psychology in 1938.

Research

Among his many research interests in neurology, Berger studied brain circulation, psychophysiology and brain temperature. However his main contribution to medicine and neurology was the systematic study of the electrical activity of human brain and the development of electroencephalography (EEG), following the pioneering work done by Richard Caton (1842-1926) in England with animals. In 1924, Berger made the first EEG recording in man and called it "Electroenkephalogram". Using the EEG he was also the first to describe the different waves or rhythms which were present in the normal and abnormal brain, such as the alpha wave rhythm (8-12 Hz), also known as Berger's wave; and its suppression (substitution by the faster beta waves) when the subject opens the eyes (the so-called "alpha blockade"). He also studied and described for the first time the nature of EEG alterations in brain diseases such as epilepsy.

His method involved inserting silver wires under the patients scalp, one at the front of the head and one at the back. Later he used silver foil electrodes attached to the head by a rubber bandage. As a recording device he first used the Lippmann's capillary electrometer, but results were disappointing. He then switched to the string galvanometer and later to a double-coil Siemens recording galvanometer, which allowed him to record electrical voltages as small as one ten thousandth of a volt. The resulting output, up to three seconds in duration, was then photographed by an assistant.

"Berger, in 1935, was not regarded by his associates as in the front rank of German psychiatrists, having rather the reputation of being a crank. He seemed to me to be a modest and dignified person, full of good humour, and as unperturbed by lack of recognition as he was later by the fame it eventually brought upon him. But he had one fatal weakness: he was completely ignorant of the technical and physical basis of his method. He knew nothing about mechanics or electricity." " - from The Living Brain, William Grey Walter.

International recognition came later to Berger. His results were confirmed by British and American scientists, such as Edgar Douglas Adrian and he was invited in 1937 to present his work to an international forum, where the importance and pioneering nature of his discoveries were hailed.

Death

Disturbed by the consequences of the Second World War and National Socialism to his professional and private world, Hans Berger committed suicide by hanging himself on June 1, 1941.

Selected publications

* "Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen." Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 1929, 87: 527-570.

References

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*Citation
id = PMID:16334737
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16334737
last=Tudor
first=Mario
last2=Tudor
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periodical=Acta medica Croatica : casopis Hravatske akademije medicinskih znanosti
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id = PMID:15747225
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15747225
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first=U-J
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first2=A
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publication-date=2005 Mar
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title= ["If Berger had survived the second world war - he certainly would have been a candidate for the Nobel Prize". Hans Berger and the legend of the Nobel Prize]
volume=73
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periodical=Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie
pages=156-60
doi = 10.1055/s-2004-830086

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url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486257
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*Citation
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title= [40 years of electroencephalography (EEG). In memoriam Hans Berger (May 21, 1873-June 1, 1941)]
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periodical=Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950)
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*Citation
id = PMID:4898295
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4898295
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pages=2123-6

*Citation
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periodical=Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology
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id = PMID:4188910
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4188910
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*Citation
id = PMID:4876739
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4876739
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periodical=Deutsches medizinisches Journal
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pages=197-221

*Citation
id = PMID:13674375
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13674375
last=SCHULTE
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title= [Hans Berger: a biography of the discoverer of the electroencephalogram.]
volume=101
issue=22
periodical=Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950)
pages=977-80

Further reading

* cite encyclopedia
last = Schulte
first = B.P.M.
title = Berger, Hans
encyclopedia = Dictionary of Scientific Biography
volume = 2
pages = 1-2
publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
location = New York
date = 1970
isbn = 0684101149

External links

* [http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/berger.html Hans Berger biography]
* [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/845.html Hans Berger] . "Who Named It" site.

Источник: Hans Berger

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