Книга: Walter Benjamin «Walter Benjamin Selected Writings 1938 1940 V 4»
Производитель: "Неизвестный" Walter Benjamin Selected Writings 1938 1940 V 4 ISBN:9780674022294 Издательство: "Неизвестный" (2006)
ISBN: 9780674022294 |
Walter Benjamin
Infobox_Philosopher
region = Western Philosophers
era =
color = #B0C4DE
name = Walter Benjamin
birth =
death =
Port Bou,
school_tradition =
main_interests =
influences =
influenced =
Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (
As a sociological and cultural critic, Benjamin combined ideas drawn from
Life
Walter Benjamin was born in
Benjamin enrolled at Albert Ludwigs University in
As
Benjamin moved to the
In 1923 Benjamin published "Charles Baudelaire, Tableaux Parisiens". The
Benjamin's paper "Goethe's
A year later, "The Origin of German Tragic Drama" was rejected by the
In 1927 Benjamin started "
After two years of separation, Benjamin was divorced from his wife in 1930. Avoiding the repressive activities of the
His financial situation got worse. Benjamin collaborated with
In 1937 Benjamin worked on "The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire" ("Das Paris des Second Empire bei Baudelaire"), met
Returning to Paris in January 1940, he wrote his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" ("Über den Begriff der Geschichte"). In June, the
Works
Among Benjamin's most important works were the following:
* "Zur Kritik der Gewalt" (Critique of Violence / 1921).
* "Goethes Wahlverwandtschaften" (Goethe's Elective Affinities / 1922).
* "Ursprung des Deutschen Trauerspiels" (Origin of German Tragic Drama [Mourning Play] / 1928).
* "Einbahnstraße" (One Way Street / 1928).
* "Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter Seiner Technischen Reproduzierbarkeit" ("
* "Berliner Kindheit um 1900" (Berlin Childhood around 1900 / 1950, published posthumously).
* "Über den Begriff der Geschichte" (On the Concept of History / Theses on the Philosophy of History) / 1939, published posthumously).
* "Das Paris des Second Empire bei Baudelaire" (The Paris of the Second Empire in Baudelaire / 1938).
Benjamin corresponded extensively with Theodor Adorno and Bertolt Brecht and occasionally received funding from the Frankfurt School under Adorno's and Horkheimer's direction, even after this had moved to New York City. The competing influences of Brecht's Marxism (and secondarily Adorno's
[
"The Origin of German Tragic Drama"
Benjamin's most lengthy completed work is his "
The project begins with a lengthy "Epistemo-Critical Prologue" in which Benjamin sets out the philosophical stakes of his work: the combination and elaboration of parts of the Platonic theory of ideas, the Hegelian historical sublation, and the Leibnizian monad. Encapsulating the one within the other, Benjamin gives the Platonic form a historical instantiation, but only in the sense that it is monadic. Within aesthetic objects of study, there is contained the monad of its historical development, and when this monad is placed within a constellation of other objects, it reveals to the scholar the historical development of the idea. Thus, in the "Trauerspiel" itself, what appears to be an ahistorical accumulation of fragments is instead already in some sense historical.
Within the main text itself, there are two main divisions: first, a distinction between tragedy and "Trauerspiel", where Benjamin clears away the interpretations that precede his work, and second, a lengthy discussion of the relation of allegory to symbolism and the way in which allegory might open onto his modified platonic notion of the idea. In the first section, Benjamin notes that tragedy and "Trauerspiel" differ in their conception of time: the tragedy is eschatological insofar as its plot leads to a defined end-point, where characters and stories reach a fatalistic resolution; whereas the "Trauerspiel" takes place only in space, time stretches out forever towards the promised but undisclosed Last Judgment, so characters are therefore paralysed from all action and can only wait—thus there is no resolution and no sense of time passing. In short, in "Trauerspiel", time is spatialized. Part of what makes "Trauerspiele" so inscrutable is that their relationship to history is only ever allegorical, in the sense that the play presents fragments and broken shards of history without narrativizing them, as we are accustomed to seeing in most plays. These fragments, when placed on the stage, rather than maintaining a denotative relationship to history, where history is told, the spatial constellation of these fragments reveals a true idea of history. Benjamin's book constantly performs this constellating of monads, presaging in dependent clauses what will be said more fully later, itself constantly reaching back to earlier sections of the book. Benjamin's project, then, is most famously summed up very early in the book, writing, "the baroque knows no eschatology and for that very reason it has no mechanism by which it gathers all earthly things in together and exalts them before consigning them to their end" (p. 66).
In a changing political climate, Benjamin hoped that this book would relate to the German belief in political and historical progress by showing the absolute futility of raw historicism, just as in the "Trauerspiel" the resuscitation of historical objects and facts is absolutely impossible. Instead, the massive complexity and profound obscurity of the book meant that it fell on largely deaf ears. When submitted as a Habilitation thesis (a higher degree in the German academic system that, after a PhD, gives legal authority to teach in a university), Professor Schultz of Frankfurt University found it inappropriate for his own department of "Germanistik" (the department of German Language and Literature), and passed it off to the department of aesthetics (philosophy of art). The readers in that department called it an "incomprehensible morass" and the university recommended that Benjamin withdraw the thesis in order to avoid the embarrassment of a public rejection. After some consideration, Benjamin did so.
The Arcades Project
Benjamin's final, unfinished work, known as the "Passagenwerk" or "
Benjamin's style
Through his writings Benjamin identifies himself as a modernist for whom the philosophical merges with the literary: logic-based philosophical reasoning cannot account for all experience, and especially not for self-representation through artistic mediums.
His concerns regarding style are exemplified in his essay "The Task of the Translator", in which he argues that any literary translation, by definition, produces deformations and misunderstandings of the original text. In the deformed text, otherwise hidden aspects of the original are elucidated, while formerly obvious aspects become unreadable. Benjamin considers this mortification of the text productive; when placed in a specific constellation of works and ideas, newly revealed affinities between historical objects appear and are productive of philosophical truth.
Death
Benjamin may have committed
One way of interpreting these facts is that though the entire group of travellers was stopped, Benjamin was in fact the main target. As an emigrant Jew, a radical writer who had made close friends with Brecht and Adorno, and a fierce critic of
A completed manuscript which Benjamin had carried in his suitcase disappeared after his death and has not been recovered. Some critics speculate that it was his "Arcades Project" in a final form; this is very unlikely as the author's plans for the work had changed in the wake of Adorno's criticisms in 1938, and it seems clear that the work was flowing over its containing limits in his last years. As the last finished piece of work we have from Benjamin, the "Theses on the Philosophy of History" (noted above) is often cited; Adorno claimed this had been written in the spring of 1940, weeks before the Germans invaded France. While this is not completely certain, it is clearly one of his last works, and the final paragraph, about the Jewish quest for the
An alternative theory of his death considers the possibility that Benjamin was actually murdered by Stalinist agents. He might have earned his place on Stalin's hitlist by the fact that his last book "Theses on the Philosophy of History" has been read as an analysis of the failures of Stalinism. The lost manuscript could well have been an elaboration of his criticism of Stalinism and its loss not so much an accident as the very cause for the murder. [ [http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,518981,00.html Did Stalin's killers liquidate Walter Benjamin?] ] [ [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/000/163mtorm.asp?pg=1 The Mysterious Death of Walter Benjamin] ]
Legacy
Since the appearance of his "Schriften" in 1955, 15 years after his death, Benjamin's work has been the subject of numerous books and essays. His essay
Further reading
Primary literature
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BENARC.html "The Arcades Project"] ,
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BENBEX.html "Berlin Childhood Around 1900] ,
* "Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet In The Era Of High Capitalism". ISBN 0-902308-94-7
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/ADOCOM.html "The Complete Correspondence, 1928-1940"] ,
* "The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin, 1910–1940". ISBN 0-226-04237-5
* "The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem". ISBN 0-674-17415-1
* "Illuminations". ISBN 0-8052-0241-2
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BENMOS.html "Moscow Diary"] ,
* "One Way Street and Other Writings". ISBN 0-86091-836-X
* "Reflections". ISBN 0-8052-0802-X
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BENONX.html "On Hashish"] ,
* "The Origin of German Tragic Drama". ISBN 0-86091-837-8
* "Understanding Brecht". ISBN 0-902308-99-8
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/JENWAL.html "Selected Writings"] in four volumes
** [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/JENWAL.html Volume 1, 1913-1926] , ISBN 0-674-94585-9
** [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/JENWA2.html Volume 2, 1927-1934] , ISBN 0-674-94586-7
** [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/JENWA3.html Volume 3, 1935-1938] , ISBN 0-674-00896-0
** [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/JENWA4.html Volume 4, 1938-1940] , ISBN 0-674-01076-0
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BENWRI.html "The Writer of Modern Life: Essays on Charles Baudelaire"] ,
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/BENWOR.html "The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility, and Other Writings on Media"] ,
* [http://www.versobooks.com/books/ab/b-titles/benjamin_w_the_archive.shtml "Walter Benjamin's Archive: Images, Texts, Signs"] . Edited by Ursula Marx, Gudrun Schwarz, Michael Schwarz, Erdmut Wizisla. ISBN 978-1-84467-196-0
econdary literature
* Adorno, Theodor. (1967). "Prisms (Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought)." London: Neville Spearman Ltd. [reprinted by
* Victor Malsey, Uwe Raseh, Peter Rautmann, Nicolas Schalz, Rosi Huhn, "Passages. D'après Walter Benjamin" / "Passagen. Nach Walter Benjamin". Mainz: Herman Schmidt, 1992. ISBN 3-87439-251-1
* Benjamin, Andrew and Peter Osborne, eds. (1993). "Walter Benjamin's Philosophy: Destruction and Experience." London:
* Buck-Morss, Susan. (1991). "The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project." Cambridge:
* Derrida, Jacques. (2001). "Force of Law: The 'Mystical Foundation of Authority'," in "Acts of Religion," Gil Anidjar, ed. London: Routledge. 10-ISBN 0415924006; 13-ISBN 978-0-415-92400-9 (cloth) -- 10-ISBN 0-415-92401-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-415-92401-6
* Ferris, David S., ed. (1996). [http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?book_id=2569%202570 "Walter Benjamin: Theoretical Questions."] Stanford:
* __________. (2004). [http://books.google.com/books?id=kIlRQ9Ngc54C&dq=walter+benjamin+theoretical+questions+isbn&pg=PP1&ots=vyP6i5pTRh&source=citation&sig=xA35VE8MKBAl2qYpI0vNIHchrh8&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=Walter+Benjamin:+Theoretical+Questions+ISBN&btnG=Search&sa=X&oi=print&ct=result&cd=1&cad=bottom-3results "The Cambridge Companion to Walter Benjamin."] Cambridge:
* Jacobs, Carol. (1999). "In the Language of Walter Benjamin". Baltimore:
* Jennings, Michael. (1987). "Dialectical
* Leslie, Esther. (2000). "Walter Benjamin, Overpowering Conformism." London:
* Lindner, Burkhardt, ed. (2006). "Benjamin-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung" Stuttgart:
* Missac, Pierre (1996). [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3691 "Walter Benjamin's Passages."] Cambridge: MIT Press. 19-ISBN 0-262-13305-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-262-13305-0 (cloth) -- 10-ISBN 0-262-63175-X; 13-ISBN 978-0-262-63175-4(paper)
* Perrier, Florent, ed., Palmier, Jean-Michel (Author), Marc Jimenez (Preface). (2006) "Walter Benjamin. Le chiffonnier, l'Ange et le Petit Bossu." Paris: Klincksieck. 10-ISBN 2-252-03591-9; 13-ISBN 978-2-252-03591-7
* Plate, S. Brent (2004) "Walter Benjamin, Religion and Aesthetics". London: Routledge. 13-ISBN 978-0415969925
* Scheurmann, Ingrid, ed., Scheurmann, Konrad ed., Unseld, Siegfried (Author), Menninghaus, Winfried (Author), Timothy Nevill (Translator) (1993). "For Walter Benjamin - Documentation, Essays and a Sketch including: New Documents on Walter Benjamin's Death." Bonn: AsKI e.V. 10-ISBN 3-930370-00-X
* Scheurmann, Ingrid / Scheurmann, Konrad (1995). "Dani Karavan - Hommage an Walter Benjamin. Der Gedenkort 'Passagen' in Portbou. Homage to Walter Benjamin. 'Passages' Place of Remembrance at Portbou." Mainz: Zabern. 10-ISBN 3-80531-865-0
* Scheurmann, Konrad (1994) "Passages Dani Karavan: An Environment in Remembrance of Walter Benjamin Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam." Bonn: AsKI e.V. 10-ISBN 3-93037-001-8
* Schiavoni, Giulio. (2001). "Walter Benjamin: Il figlio della felicità. Un percorso biografico e concettuale." Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore. ISBN 8-806-15729-9
* Steinberg, Michael P., ed. (1996). "Walter Benjamin and the Demands of History." Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 10-ISBN 0-801-43135-2; 13-ISBN 978-0-801-43135-7 (cloth) -- 10-ISBN 0-801-48257-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-801-48257-1 (paper)
* Witte, Bernd. (1996). "Walter Benjamin: An Intellectual Biography". New York: Verso. 10-ISBN 1-859-84967-9; 13-ISBN 978-1-859-84967-5
References
* Kermode, Frank. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0614F73D5413728DDDA90B94DF405B888BF1D3&scp=1&sq=walter+benjamin&st=p "Every Kind of Intelligence; Benjamin,"] "New York Times." July 30, 1978.
*
External links
* [http://www.wbenjamin.org/walterbenjamin.html Walter Benjamin Research Syndicate]
* [http://www.tasc.ac.uk/depart/media/staff/ls/WBenjamin/CONCEPT2.html Benjamin: On the Concept of History]
* [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/106.5/ "Walter Benjamin for Historians"] , "American Historical Review," Vol. 106, No. 5. December 2001.
* [http://www.iwbg.uni-duesseldorf.de/Wer_wir_sind_english The Internationale Walter Benjamin Gesellschaft. "In English and German."]
* " [http://www.whokilledwalterbenjamin.com/ Who Killed Walter Benjamin?] ", a documentary film about the circumstances of Benjamin's death by David Mauas
* Stephen Schwartz, " [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/000/163mtorm.asp?pg=1 The Mysterious Death of Walter Benjamin] ", The Weekly Standard, Volume 006, Issue 37, June 11, 2001
* " [http://www.nextbook.org/cultural/feature.html?id=334&sessid= Head Rush] : How drug experiments illuminated Walter Benjamin's thinking", Michael Berk, [http://www.nextbook.org nextbook] , May 16, 2006
* [http://www.thelemming.com/lemming/dissertation-web/home/arcades.html The Arcades Project or The Rhetoric of Hypertext]
* [http://www.othervoices.org/gpeaker/Passagenwerk.html Fragments of the Passagenwerk: The Arcades Project] , Giles Peaker
* [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/benjamin_walter/benjamin_walter.html Paris, capitale du XIXe siècle] In French
* [http://www.othervoices.org/parkerj/benj.html The Dialectics of Allegoresis: Historical Materialism in Benjamin's "Illuminations"] , John Parker
* [http://www.wbenjamin.org/translations.html Walter Benjamin, "On Hashish" trans. Scott J. Thompson (1996)] [Walter Benjamin Research Syndicate]
* [http://www.wbenjamin.org/rausch.html Scott J. Thompson, "From Rausch to Rebellion: Walter Benjamin's ON HASHISH"] [Walter Benjamin Research Syndicate]
* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/hard01_.html Through the Trapdoor: review of "The Narrow Foothold" by Carina Birman] describes Benjamin's final days
* [http://revista.escaner.cl/node/742 Walter Benjamin ad the Arcades Project - The Passagenwerk]
Persondata
NAME=Benjamin, Walter
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=German philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH=
PLACE OF BIRTH=
DATE OF DEATH=
PLACE OF DEATH=Port Bou,
Источник: Walter Benjamin
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