Книга: Urban Design «The Architectural Pattern Book A Tool for Building Great Neighborhoods»
Производитель: "Неизвестный" The Architectural Pattern Book A Tool for Building Great Neighborhoods ISBN:9780393731347 Издательство: "Неизвестный" (2004)
ISBN: 9780393731347 |
Urban design
Urban design concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of towns and cities, and in particular the shaping and uses of urban
Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of
While the two fields are closely related, 'urban design' differs from 'urban planning' in its focus on physical improvement of the public environment, whereas the latter tends, in practice, to focus on the management of private development through planning schemes and other statutory development controls.
Urban Design Principles
Public spaces are frequently subject to overlapping management responsibilities of multiple public agencies or authorities and the interests of nearby property owners, as well as the requirements of multiple and sometimes competing users. The design, construction and management of public spaces therefore typically demands consultation and negotiation across a variety of spheres. Urban designers rarely have the degree of artistic liberty or control sometimes offered in design professions such as architecture. It also typically requires interdisciplinary input with balanced representation of multiple fields including
The scale and degree of detail considered varies depending on context and needs. It ranges from the layout of entire cities, as with l'Enfant's plan for
Urban design may encompass the preparation of design guidelines and regulatory frameworks, or even legislation to control development, advertising, etc. and in this sense overlaps with
Much urban design work is undertaken by urban planners, landscape architects and architects but there are professionals who identify themselves specifically as urban designers. Many architecture, landscape and planning programs incorporate urban design theory and design subjects into their curricula and there are an increasing number of university programs offering degrees in urban design, usually at post-graduate level.
Urban design considers:
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* "Legibility and
* "Animation" – Designing
* "Function and fit" – Shaping
* "Complementary mixed uses" – Locating activities to allow constructive interaction between them
* "Character and meaning" – Recognizing and valuing the differences between one
* "Order and incident" – Balancing consistency and variety in the urban environment in the interests of appreciating both
* "Continuity and change" – Locating people in time and place, including respect for heritage and support for contemporary culture
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History
Although contemporary professional use of the term dates from the mid-20th century, 'urban design' has been practiced throughout the history of cities. Ancient examples of carefully planned and designed cities exist in Asia, India, Africa, Europe and the Americas, and are particularly well-known within Classical Chinese, Roman and Greek cultures (see
A revival of urban design in Europe is associated with the
Modern urban design can be considered as part of the wider discipline of
'Urban design' was first used as a distinctive term when
Kevin Lynch's "The Image of the City" of 1961 was also seminal to the movement, particularly with regards to the concept of legibility, and the reduction of urban design theory to five basic elements - paths, districts, edges, nodes, landmarks. He also made popular the use of mental maps to understanding the city, rather than the two-dimensional physical master plans of the previous 50 years.
Other notable works include Rossi's "Architecture of the City" (1966), Venturi’s "Learning from Las Vegas" (1972),
Equality Issues in Urban Design
Disability
Until the 1970s, urban designers had taken little account of the needs of people with disabilities. At that time, disabled people began to form movements demanding recognition of their potential contribution if social obstacles were removed. Disabled people challenged the 'medical model' of disability which saw physical and mental problems as an individual 'tragedy' and people with disabilities as 'brave' for enduring them. They proposed instead a 'social model' which said that barriers to disabled people result from the design of the
References
* Barnett, Jonathan, "An Introduction to Urban Design", Harper & Row, New York 1982, ISBN 0064303764
* Carmona, Matthew, and Tiesdell, Steve, editors, "Urban Design Reader", Architectural Press of Elsevier Press, Amstedam Boston other cities 2007, ISBN 0750665319
* Hardinghaus, Matthias, 'Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria in Urban Design: A Problematisation of Spatial Thinking', "Cebe Transaction, The Online Journal of the Centre for Education in the Built Environment", 2006, 3(2), 9-22
* Larice, Michael, and MacDonald, Elizabeth, editors, "The Urban Design Reader", Routledge, New York London 2007, ISBN 0415333865
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External links
Industry resources
* [http://www.udf.org.au/about.php Urban Design Forum, Australia]
* [http://www.udal.org.au/ Urban Design Alliance, Queensland, Australia]
* [http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/urban New Zealand Ministry for the Environment publications, including Urban Design Protocol]
* [http://www.rudi.net Resource for Urban Design Information, UK]
* [http://www.cabe.org.uk Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, UK]
* [http://www.udal.org.uk The Urban Design Alliance, UK]
* [http://www.udg.org.uk/ The Urban Design Group, UK]
* [http://www.huduser.org/ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's HUD USER]
* [http://www.huduser.org/rbc/ Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse, USA]
* [http://www.urban-design-certification.org Urban Design Compliance Project, USA]
* [http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/36697/67EAE4447924 Professional network for Landscape Urbansim]
* [http://www.urbandesigncompendium.co.uk/home The Urban Design Compendium (UK)]
* [http://www.cnu.org/ Congress for the New Urbanism (USA)]
Academic resources
* [http://www.sfu.ca/city/udc.htm Urban Design Certificate Program, courses and free public lectures from Simon Fraser University]
* [http://www.aaschool.ac.uk/lu Landscape Urbanism Program at the Architectural Association] and
Other resources
* [http://www.terreform.org Terreform: Nonprofit Urban Design Collaborative]
* [http://www.NewUrbanism.org NewUrbanism.org]
* [http://www.UrbanDesign.org UrbanDesign.org]
Источник: Urban design
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